Table 2.

Changes in pain and associated factors (n=23)

	Before program (mean ± SD)	Immediately after program (mean ± SD)	p-value	r
BPI	24.5±10.15	20.0±8.90	0.0001	0.73
PCS (rumination)	15.1±5.19	12.7±5.21	0.004	0.58
PCS (magnification)	6.3±4.09	4.4±3.53	0.001	0.67
PCS (helplessness)	11.5±5.58	7.5±5.67	0.0001	0.68
PCS (total)	32.7±14.05	24.5±13.68	0.0001	0.71
PDAS	29.4±12.29	18.8±12.56	0.001	0.64
HADS (anxiety)	8.7±4.86	6.2±4.02	0.0001	0.66
HADS (depression)	9.8±4.81	6.5±4.35	0.001	0.65
PSEQ	22.1±11.90	33.2±13.93	0.0001	0.69
EQ-5D	0.533±0.1552	0.641±0.1745	0.009	0.53

Notes: p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. r shows the effect size between before and immediately after the program. The cut-off value for the PCS total score is 30 points. The PCS total score was >30 points before the program and <30 points immediately after program. The result suggested the PCS total score improved more than the minimal detectable change. The PDAS cut-off value is 10 points. The PDAS was >10 points before and immediately after program. The result suggested PDAS scores might not have improved to normal condition; however, the PDAS showed significant improvement immediately after the program. For the HADS, 8–10 points indicates suspicion of anxiety/depression and >11 points indicates anxiety/depression. The result suggested HADS scores improved more than the minimal detectable change. The minimal clinically important difference for the PSEQ is >9%. The result suggested PSEQ scores improved more than the minimal detectable change. The BPI and EQ-5D have no clear standards; however, these results suggested pain severity (BPI) and quality of life (EQ-5D) improved immediately after the program.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PDAS, Pain Disability Assessment Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; EQ-5D, EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire.