Table 4.
Outcomes at follow-up after inpatient programs in other countries
| Outcome | Outcome immediately after program | Outcome at follow-up | Follow-up rate (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pain Treatment Center, Red Cross Hospital (Kassel, Germany) | NRS | Significant post treatment improvement in pain intensity, disability, pain acceptance, catastrophizing, and depression. | 3 months: maintained well | Not listed |
| MPSS | ||||
| PDI | ||||
| ADS-K | ||||
| CPAQ | ||||
| PCS-H | ||||
| HRC Bethesda Children’s Hospital (Budapest, Hungary) | VAS | Short- and long-term improvements in clinical outcomes and resource use among pediatric patients with severe chronic pain. | 3 months: maintained well | 62.5% 5/8 75% 6/8 |
| PPDI | ||||
| CDI | 2 years: maintained well | |||
| CBCQ | ||||
| WCI | ||||
| LTS | ||||
| James A. Haley Veterans’ Hospital (Tampa, FL, USA) | NRS | Significant improvements in pain intensity, pain-related fear, | 3 months: maintained well | Not listed |
| POQ-VA | ||||
| SIS | ||||
| CSQ | ||||
| SPQ | mobility, pain-related negative affect, vitality, implausible symptoms, and sleep. | |||
| Lillehammer Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases (Lillehammer, Norway) | CHQ20 | Self-management program had no effect on psychological distress, functional and symptomatic consequences and self-efficacy, but a small short-term effect on skills/behavior important for managing and participating in healthcare. | 3 weeks: maintained well | 80.3% 118/147 |
| EC-17 | ||||
| ASES | ||||
| FIQ | ||||
| VAS | ||||
| Pain Centre of the University Medical Centre Groningen (Groningen, the Netherlands) | VAS | Significant improvements in pain, fatigue, walking distance, muscle strength, anxiety, depression, somatization, negative self-efficacy, and catastrophizing in the intervention period. | 6 months: maintained well 12 months: maintained well |
76% 26/32 |
| 6 min walking test | ||||
| SCL-90 | ||||
| RAND-36 | ||||
| PCL | ||||
| TSK | ||||
| Department of Rheumatology and Physical Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich (Zurich, Switzerland) | MPI | Pain intensity (MPI) and depression (HADS) worsened slightly during 5 months. Long-term significant improvements for the other outcomes. |
5 months: Pain intensity and depression worsened slightly, but the other outcomes remained almost stable (follow-up at other facilities). | 71.8% 308/429 |
| SF-36 | ||||
| HADS | ||||
| CSQ | ||||
| INPUT Pain Management, St Thomas’ Hospital (London, UK) | Dysfunction score (SIP) (%) Pain intensity score Pain distress score Depression score (BDI) Self-efficacy score (PSEQ) Length of 10 min walk (meters) Time of 20 meters walk (seconds) Number of stairs in 2 mins Number of sit-ups to tolerance |
Outcome measures: QOL, physical performance, pain intensity, and distress, depression severity and confidence; significant improvements immediately after treatment. | 6 months: maintained well | 71.1% 118/166 |
| Loreley Hospital of Conservative Orthopaedics and Center for Musculoskeletal Medicine, (Loreley, Germany) | NRS | Significant improvements in pain intensity, QOL, and function. | 6 months: maintained well 1 year: maintained well |
53.4% 133/249 43.8% 109/249 |
| CPI | ||||
| ODI |
Abbreviations: NRS, Numerical Rating Scale; MPSS, Mainz Pain Staging System; PDI, Pain Disability Index; ADS-K, Allgemeine Depressions Skala-Kurz version; CPAQ, Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale; PCS-H, Pain Catastrophizing Scale-helplessness; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; PPDI, Pediatric Pain Disability Inventory; CDI, Children Depression Inventory; CBCQ, Child Behavior Checklist Questionnaire; WCI, the Ways of Coping Inventory; LTS, Likert-type scale; POQ-VA, the Pain Outcome Questionnaire-Department of Veterans Affairs; SIS, Symptom Implausibility Scale; CSQ, Coping Strategy Questionnaire; SPQ, Sleep Problems Questionnaire; CHQ20, General Health Questionnaire 20, EC-17, Effective Musculoskeletal Consumer Scale; ASES, Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale; FIQ, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire; SCL-90, Symptom Check List-90; PCL, Pain Cognition List; TSK, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia; MPI, Multidimensional Pain Inventory; SF-36, Short-Form 36 Questionnaire (SF-36); HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SIP, Sickness Impact Profile; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; CPI, Von Korff Questionnaire; ODI, Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index; QOL, quality of life.