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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 24.
Published in final edited form as: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2019 Jun 24;29(5):597–612. doi: 10.1038/s41370-019-0152-3

Table 1.

Ranges and geometric means of toxic metal biomarkers overall and by reproductive status

Overall
(N=4,285)		 Not Pregnant/Breastfeeding
(N=3,639)		 Pregnant/Breastfeeding
(N=646)
Blood Metals Range Geometric Mean ± SE Range Geometric Mean ± SE Range Geometric Mean ± SE
Lead (μg/dL) 0.11-15.01 0.73 ± 0.01 0.15-15.01 0.74 ± 0.01 0.11-12.00 0.62 ± 0.02
Mercury (μg/L) 0.10-30.70 0.78 ± 0.02 0.10-19.30 0.79 ± 0.02 0.10-30.70 0.71 ± 0.04
Overall
(N=1,562)		 Not Pregnant/Breastfeeding
(N=1,334)		 Pregnant/Breastfeeding
(N=228)
Urinary Metals Range Geometric Mean ± SE Range Geometric Mean ± SE Range Geometric Mean ± SE
Inorganic arsenic1 (μg/L) 0.86-6.70 3.43 ± 0.03 0.86-5.97 3.42 ± 0.03 1.77-6.70 3.54 ± 0.07
Cadmium (μg/L) 0.03-2.30 0.16 ± 0.01 0.03-2.30 0.16 ± 0.01 0.03-1.52 0.13 ± 0.01
1

Estimated by removing the contribution of arsenobetaine (an organic seafood-derived arsenical) from total urinary arsenic via a residual-based method