Table 3.
Adjusted1 model coefficients for blood lead and mercury concentrations among women of reproductive-age, NHANES 2003—2014.
| Blood Lead | Blood Mercury | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic2 | Overall (N=4,285) |
Not Pregnant/Breastfeeding (N=3,639) |
Pregnant/Breastfeeding (N=646) |
Overall (N=4,285) |
Not Pregnant/Breastfeeding (N=3,639) |
Pregnant/Breastfeeding (N=646) |
| Sociodemographics | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |
| Age z-score | 10.2 (8.2, 12.2)* | 9.5 (7.5, 11.5)* | 16.0 (8.4, 24.2)* | 5.9 (2.8, 9.0)* | 5.2 (2.0, 8.4)* | 14.9 (2.8, 28.3) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 15.5 (9.4, 21.8)* | 15.4 (9.2, 21.8)* | 22.0 (4.3, 42.8) | 35.7 (21.1, 52.0)* | 36.7 (22.1, 53.0)* | 20.8 (−4.6, 52.9) |
| Hispanic | 1.3 (−5.2, 8.2) | −0.5 (−7.1, 6.6) | 16.4 (−2.2, 38.5) | 14.5 (3.7, 26.5)* | 15.7 (3.9, 28.9)* | −10.9 (−31.2, 15.4) |
| Other | 17.4 (9.4, 26.0)* | 16.5 (8.4, 25.2)* | 27.3 (6.0, 52.9) | 71.4 (51.4, 93.9)* | 79.2 (57.1, 104.4)* | 15.9 (−18.6, 65.1) |
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| Less than high school diploma | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| High school diploma/GED | −9.8 (−15.7, −3.5)* | −9.3 (−15.6, −2.5)* | −13.5 (−26.7, 2.1) | −0.4 (−10.0, 10.3) | −1.9 (−12.1, 9.5) | 11.8 (−16.4, 49.6) |
| At least some college | −9.7(−15.3, −3.7)* | −8.8 (−14.8, −2.4)* | −18.1 (−30.6, −3.3) | 10.0 (−0.9, 22.1) | 7.5 (−4.5, 20.9) | 34.0 (4.8, 71.3) |
| College graduate or above | −7.5 (−13.8, −0.9) | −6.8 (−13.9, 0.7) | −17.1 (−31.8, 0.7) | 27.6 (14.9, 41.7)* | 26.8 (12.6, 42.9)* | 20.6 (−9.5, 60.7) |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Unemployed | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Employed | −4.6 (−8.0, −1.1)* | −3.8 (−7.6, 0.3) | −12.2 (−22.3, −0.8) | 1.5 (−5.0, 8.4) | −0.2 (−7.1, 7.3) | 6.4 (−11.5, 28.1) |
| Family income: poverty line | −0.5 (−2.4, 1.5) | −0.2 (−1.9, 1.6) | −1.5 (−8.9, 6.5) | 10.4 (6.1, 14.9)* | 10.0 (5.6, 14.7)* | 10.8 (−0.4, 23.2) |
| Health insurance status | ||||||
| No current coverage | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Current private or public coverage | −4.9 (−8.8, −0.9)* | −4.9 (−9.0, −0.7) | −6.6 (−21.0, 10.3) | 0.2 (−7.7, 8.8) | 0.2 (−7.8, 9.0) | 5.5 (−18.6, 36.8) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Married or living with partner | −2.1(−6.3, 2.3) | −1.9 (−6.1, 2.6) | 0.6 (−13.1, 16.5) | −5.3 (−11.6, 1.4) | −4.6 (−11.2, 2.6) | 1.9 (−19.1, 28.3) |
| Nativity | ||||||
| Born in the US | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Born in a US territory or another country | 36.6 (27.0, 47.0)* | 37.7 (27.4, 48.8)* | 28.2 (11.4, 47.7)* | 19.7 (9.2, 31.1)* | 21.3 (9.8, 33.9)* | 6.5 (−13.9, 31.9) |
| Lifestyle Factors | ||||||
| Alcohol z-score | 7.1 (5.2, 9.0) | 6.6 (4.8, 8.5) | 10.1 (5.0, 15.4)* | 11.6 (8.4, 14.9) | 11.2 (7.9, 14.6)* | 7.0 (−1.8, 16.6) |
| Serum cotinine z-score | 10.7 (9.0, 12.4)* | 10.4 (8.7, 12.2)* | 10.1 (3.6, 16.9)* | −2.3 (−5.0, 0.6) | −2.3 (−5.1, 0.6) | −4.2 (−12.6, 5.1) |
| Prenatal supplement use3 | ||||||
| No | 0.0 (ref.) | -- | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | -- | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Yes | −12.7 (−19.1, −5.7)* | -- | −6.6 (−17.6, 5.9) | 1.6 (−10.0, 14.7) | -- | 15.5 (−1.8, 35.8) |
| Other multi-vitamin/multi-mineral use3 | ||||||
| No | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Yes | −5.1 (−8.8, −1.2)* | −5.9 (−9.7, −2.0)* | 2.3 (−9.9, 16.1) | 4.3 (−2.9, 11.9) | 3.9 (−3.3, 11.6) | 19.0 (−3.2, 46.2) |
| Gravidity z-score | −1.3 (−3.1, 0.5) | −1.1 (−2.9, 0.9) | −1.9 (−7.8, 4.4) | −2.5 (−5.1, 0.2) | −2.4 (−5.0, 0.2) | −0.6 (−9.4, 9.2) |
| BMI z-score | −4.6 (−5.7, −3.4)* | −4.4 (−5.6, −3.3)* | −5.3 (−10.8, 0.6) | −6.7 (−9.1, −4.2)* | −6.5 (−8.9, −3.9)* | −11.0 (−18.4, −2.9) |
| Dietary Factors | ||||||
| Calories z-score | −0.6 (−3.3, 2.1) | 0.3 (−2.4, 3.1) | −8.2 (−17.7, 2.5) | −8.6 (−12.7, −4.3)* | −7.3 (−11.7, −2.7)* | −18.4 (−28.7, −6.6)* |
| Seafood z-score | −0.1 (−1.3, 1.0) | −0.5 (−1.6, 0.6) | 5.5 (0.5, 10.7) | 15.3 (11.4, 19.4)* | 14.7 (10.7, 18.8)* | 26.1 (18.2, 34.5)* |
| Meat z-score | 1.3 (−0.3, 2.9) | 1.1 (−0.4, 2.6) | 4.0 (−3.0, 11.4) | 4.3 (1.1, 7.6)* | 3.7 (0.4, 7.1) | 11.5 (2.1, 21.8) |
| Poultry z-score | 0.1 (−1.3, 1.5) | −0.2 (−1.5, 1.2) | 3.8 (−2.2, 10.2) | 4.9 (2.3, 7.5)* | 4.7 (2.1, 7.4)* | 10.0 (1.6, 19.0) |
| Vegetables z-score | 1.6 (−0.2, 3.4) | 1.5 (−0.3, 3.4) | −1.6 (−6.8, 4.0) | 3.8 (−0.6, 8.4) | 3.6 (−0.9, 8.4) | −0.3 (−8.8, 9.1) |
| Legumes z-score | 1.5 (0.2, 2.8) | 1.1 (−0.3, 2.5) | 5.5 (0.4, 10.8) | 1.8 (−1.1, 4.8) | 1.6 (−1.5, 4.8) | 6.5 (−2.3, 16.1) |
| Nuts and seeds z-score | 0.0 (−1.2, 1.3) | −0.4 (−1.6, 0.8) | 4.8 (−2.6, 12.8) | 2.9 (0.5, 5.4)* | 3.3 (0.7, 6.0)* | −8.0 (−16.9, 1.7) |
| Fruit z-score | 0.6 (−1.2, 2.5) | 0.4 (−1.5, 2.3) | 3.1 (−1.7, 8.1) | 0.0 (−3.4, 3.5) | −0.3 (−3.8, 3.3) | 5.6 (−3.4, 15.4) |
| Eggs z-score | −0.3 (−1.7, 1.1) | −0.3 (−1.6, 1.1) | −3.5 (−8.7, 1.9) | 5.9 (1.9, 10.1)* | 5.6 (1.5, 9.9)* | 11.8 (4.2, 20.0)* |
| Dairy z-score | −1.3 (−3.0, 0.4) | −1.8 (−3.6, 0.0) | 4.5 (−2.1, 11.4) | 1.2 (−1.7, 4.2) | 1.5 (−1.6, 4.6) | −2.1 (−9.5, 6.0) |
| Whole grains z-score | −1.7 (−3.3, −0.2) | −1.5 (−3.0, 0.0) | −3.0 (−10.7, 5.5) | 3.2 (−0.3, 6.8) | 3.6 (0.0, 7.4) | −2.1 (−11.0, 7.8) |
| Refined grains z-score | −1.6 (−3.4, 0.2) | −2.1 (−4.0, −0.2) | 5.6 (−2.6, 14.4) | 0.2 (−3.3, 3.9) | −0.8 (−4.4, 2.9) | 16.8 (3.5, 31.9) |
| Public water z-score | 3.4 (1.8, 5.1)* | 3.6 (1.9, 5.3)* | 1.0 (−5.2, 7.5) | 2.1 (−0.8, 5.1) | 2.3 (−0.8, 5.4) | 0.7 (−8.7, 11.1) |
| Private water z-score | 1.3 (−0.5, 3.1) | 1.6 (−0.1, 3.3) | −1.2 (−9.3, 7.6) | 2.2 (−0.7, 5.1) | 2.0 (−0.8, 4.9) | 4.5 (−1.6, 11.1) |
| Model R2 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.30 |
1
Adjusted for all variables listed in the Table in addition to survey cycle (2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012, or 2013-2014)
2
For all continuous variables, the adjusted percent difference in biomarker concentration corresponds to a 1-standard deviation increase
3
Because women who were not pregnant or breastfeeding rarely used prenatal supplements (2.4%), we combined prenatal with other multi-vitamin/multi-mineral supplement use for this sub-group
*
Q-value < 0.05