Table 4.
Adjusted1 model coefficients for urinary inorganic arsenic and cadmium concentrations among women of reproductive-age, NHANES 2003—2014.
| Urinary Inorganic Arsenic | Urinary Cadmium | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic2 | Overall (N=1,562) |
Not Pregnant/Breastfeeding (N=1,334) |
Pregnant/Breastfeeding (N=228) |
Overall (N=1,562) |
Not Pregnant/Breastfeeding (N=1,334) |
Pregnant/Breastfeeding (N=228) |
| Sociodemographics | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) |
| Age z-score | −0.8 (−1.9, 0.3) | −0.5 (−1.6, 0.7) | −2.0 (−4.8, 0.9) | 29.7 (24.2, 35.3)* | 29.7 (24.1, 35.5) | 30.6 (16.6, 46.2)* |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Non-Hispanic black | −0.8 (−3.7, 2.2) | −0.8 (−3.9, 2.4) | −2.8 (−9.6, 4.6) | 13.2 (−0.9, 29.1) | 13.8 (−0.6, 30.2) | 24.0 (−5.6, 62.7) |
| Hispanic | 4.3 (1.8, 6.9)* | 4.1 (1.6, 6.7)* | 3.7 (−3.8, 11.8) | 26.4 (14.3, 39.7)* | 29.6 (15.8, 45.1)* | −3.4 (−29.7, 32.7) |
| Other | 5.8 (1.9, 9.9)* | 6.2 (1.9, 10.6)* | 6.1 (−4.7, 18.2) | 36.4 (16.7, 59.5)* | 31.9 (11.5, 56.1)* | 57.3 (15.4, 114.4)* |
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| Less than high school diploma | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| High school diploma/GED | −0.9 (−3.9, 2.2) | −0.9 (−4.1, 2.5) | 1.2 (−5.1, 7.9) | −12.8 (−24.6, 0.7) | −12.6 (−25.1, 2) | −11.2 (−38.0, 27.2) |
| At least some college | −3.4 (−6.1, −0.7) | −3.4 (−6.3, −0.4) | −1.7 (−7.0, 3.9) | −9.7 (−21.2, 3.4) | −12.1 (−23.7, 1.4) | 11.9 (−18.1, 52.9) |
| College graduate or above | −3.2 (−6.4, 0.1) | −2.6 (−5.9, 0.8) | −7.9 (−15.7, 0.6) | −12.2 (25.4, 3.4) | −13.0 (−26.7, 3.3) | 4.7 (−27.3, 50.6) |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Unemployed | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Employed | 1.5 (−0.7, 3.8) | 2.0 (−0.5, 4.5) | −4.8 (−9.1, −0.3) | −4.7 (−12.8, 4.1) | −5.8 (−14.3, 3.6) | 10.1 (−9.0, 33.1) |
| Family income: poverty line | 0.3 (−0.8, 1.3) | 0.1 (−0.9, 1.2) | 1.3 (−2.2, 4.9) | 2.2 (−2.1, 6.7) | 2.6 (−1.9, 7.3) | −8.4 (−18.1, 2.5) |
| Health insurance status | ||||||
| No current coverage | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Current private or public coverage | 1.0 (−1.2, 3.2) | 1.0 (−1.2, 3.4) | −4.4 (−11.1, 2.9) | 1.0 (−8.1, 11.0) | 2.0 (−7.4, 12.4) | −23.0 (−42.1, 2.4) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Married or living with partner | 0.4 (−1.9, 2.8) | −0.1 (−2.6, 2.4) | 4.3 (−2.0, 10.9) | −5.3 (−14.0, 4.3) | −6.9 (−15.6, 2.7) | 25.8 (−2.1, 61.7) |
| Nativity | ||||||
| Born in the US | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Born in a US territory or another country | 3.8 (0.9, 6.8)* | 4.0 (0.9, 7.2)* | 1.1 (−7.7, 10.7) | 4.9 (−6.4, 17.6) | 2.8 (−8.8, 15.9) | 22.7 (−5.7, 59.8) |
| Lifestyle Factors | ||||||
| Alcohol z-score | 1.2 (0.1, 2.4) | 1.4 (0.2, 2.6) | 0.4 (−2.1, 3.0) | −0.3 (−4.4, 3.9) | 0.3 (−4.1, 4.9) | 0.2 (−7.7, 8.7) |
| Serum cotinine z-score | −0.5 (−1.7, 0.6) | −0.4 (−1.6, 0.8) | −1.6 (−3.2, 0.0) | 17.8 (13.3, 22.4)* | 17.9 (13.1, 23.0)* | 8.4 (−0.2, 17.7) |
| Prenatal supplement use3 | ||||||
| No | 0.0 (ref.) | -- | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | -- | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Yes | −3.0 (−7.5, 1.8) | -- | 2.2 (−3.6, 8.4) | −19.3 (−30.5, −6.2)* | -- | −27.4 (−42.8, −7.7) |
| Other multi-vitamin/multi-mineral use3 | ||||||
| No | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) | 0.0 (ref.) |
| Yes | 1.1 (−1.0, 3.3) | 0.0 (−2.3, 2.4) | 10.6 (2.3, 19.6) | −1.5 (−10.2, 8.1) | −4.4 (−13.4, 5.5) | 10.4 (−15.2, 43.7) |
| Gravidity z-score | 0.3 (−0.8, 1.3) | 0.1 (−0.9, 1.2) | 0.6 (−2.4, 3.6) | 1.3 (−1.9, 4.6) | 0.7 (−2.7, 4.2) | −2.3 (−11.4, 7.9) |
| BMI z-score | −0.7 (−1.5, 0.1) | −0.7 (−1.7, 0.2) | −0.5 (−2.4, 1.6) | −1.9 (−5.4, 1.7) | −1.8 (−5.3, 1.9) | −4.3 (−13.0, 5.2) |
| Dietary Factors | ||||||
| Calories z-score | −0.8 (−2.4, 0.8) | −1.2 (−2.9, 0.6) | 3.5 (−1.8, 9.0) | 3.8 (−3.0, 11.1) | 1.2 (−5.7, 8.6) | 31.6 (9.4, 58.3)* |
| Seafood z-score | 1.4 (0.7, 2.1)* | 1.4 (0.6, 2.2)* | 3.0 (0.7, 5.3) | 2.4 (−0.2, 5.2) | 2.5 (−0.2, 5.2) | 1.9 (−10.9, 16.4) |
| Meat z-score | −0.1 (−1.0, 0.8) | −0.2 (−1.1, 0.8) | 1.0 (−1.2, 3.2) | −0.2 (−3.7, 3.3) | −0.3 (−3.9, 3.5) | −1.0 (−9.3, 8,1) |
| Poultry z-score | 0.1 (−0.9, 1.0) | 0.2 (−0.8, 1.1) | −0.6 (−3.7, 2.6) | −0.3 (−4.4, 3.9) | −0.2 (−4.3, 4.1) | 7.4 (−2.9, 18.8) |
| Vegetables z-score | 0.6 (−0.2, 1.4) | 0.7 (−0.1, 1.6) | −1.0 (−3.9, 2.0) | 0.4 (−3.4, 4.4) | 0.7 (−3.1, 4.7) | −1.3 (−11.6, 10.2) |
| Legumes z-score | 0.6 (−0.1, 1.3) | 0.5 (−0.2, 1.3) | 1.5 (−0.5, 3.5) | 0.0 (−2.9, 3.1) | −0.3 (−3.2, 2.8) | 4.9 (−4.8, 15.7) |
| Nuts and seeds z-score | 0.6 (−0.1, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.1, 1.5) | −2.2 (−4.4, 0.1) | −1.9 (−6.0, 2.4) | −1.4 (−5.8, 3.2) | −0.2 (−7.8, 7.9) |
| Fruit z-score | 1.1 (0.3, 1.9)* | 0.7 (−0.2, 1.6) | 3.9 (0.9, 7.1) | −0.6 (−3.6, 2.5) | −1.9 (−5.1, 1.4) | 10.5 (−1.1, 23.5) |
| Eggs z-score | 0.5 (−0.3, 1.4) | 0.7 (−0.2, 1.6) | −1.2 (−3.8, 1.4) | −0.8 (−4.1, 2.6) | −0.3 (−3.8, 3.5) | −6.0 (−16.4, 5.7) |
| Dairy z-score | 0.0 (−1.5, 1.6) | 0.2 (−0.9, 1.3) | −2.0 (−4.9, 1.0) | 1.0 (−6.1, 8.6) | 1.1 (−3.8, 6.2) | −5.6 (−13.7, 3.2) |
| Whole grains z-score | 0.2 (−0.7, 1.1) | 0.2 (−0.8, 1.1) | −0.4 (−3.1, 2.4) | −0.6 (−4.4, 3.5) | 0.1 (−3.7, 4.1) | −6.2 (−14.7, 3.3) |
| Refined grains z-score | 1.4 (0.3, 2.6) | 1.6 (0.4, 2.8)* | −2.2 (−6.5, 2.4) | −3.8 (−8.6, 1.3) | −3.2 (−8.0, 2.0) | −12.2 (−23.6, 0.9) |
| Public water z-score | 0.2 (−0.6, 1.0) | 0.2 (−0.6, 1.0) | 0.5 (−1.3, 2.4) | 0.6 (−3.6, 5.0) | 0.2 (−4.2, 4.9) | −2.9 (−12.3, 7.5) |
| Private water z-score | 0.2 (−0.9, 1.3) | 0.3 (−0.5, 1.0) | −1.2 (−5.5, 3.3) | −0.8 (−4.5, 2.9) | −0.2 (−4.5, 4.1) | −8.2 (−16.8, 1.3) |
| Model R2 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.75 |
1
Adjusted for all variables listed in the Table in addition to survey cycle (2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, 2011-2012, or 2013-2014) and urinary creatinine (mg/dL)
2
For all continuous variables, the adjusted percent difference in biomarker concentration corresponds to a 1-standard deviation increase
3
Because women who were not pregnant or breastfeeding rarely used prenatal supplements (2.4%), we combined prenatal with other multi-vitamin/multi-mineral supplement use for this sub-group
*
Q-value < 0.05