Table 5.

Adjusted odds of high concentrations of blood lead, blood mercury, urinary inorganic arsenic, and urinary cadmium levels among women of reproductive age, NHANES 2003-2012.

Characteristic1	Overall (N=1,267)
Sociodemographics	OR (95% CI)2
Age z-score	1.6 (1.2-2.1)*
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	1.0 (ref.)
Non-Hispanic black	2.1 (1.2-3.8)*
Hispanic	0.9 (0.4-1.9)
Other	3.2 (1.2-8.7)
Educational attainment
Less than high school diploma	1.0 (ref.)
High school diploma/GED	0.7 (0.3-1.3)
At least some college	0.8 (0.4-1.8)
College graduate or above	1.1 (0.4-2.8)
Employment status
Unemployed	1.0 (ref.)
Employed	1.7 (1.0-2.8)
Family income: poverty line	1.1 (0.8-1.5)
Health insurance status
No current coverage	1.0 (ref.)
Current private or public coverage	1.0 (0.6-1.9)
Marital status
Single	1.0 (ref.)
Married or living with partner	1.2 (0.7-1.9)
Nativity
Born in the US	1.0 (ref.)
Born in a US territory or another country	5.8 (2.8-11.7)*
Lifestyle Factors
Alcohol z-score	1.4 (1.1-1.9)*
Serum cotinine z-score	1.2 (1.0-1.6)
Prenatal supplement use
No	1.0 (ref.)
Yes	0.7 (0.2-2.0)
Other multi-vitamin/multi-mineral use
No	1.0 (ref.)
Yes	1.3 (0.7-2.3)
Gravidity z-score	1.1 (0.8-1.3)
BMI z-score	0.7 (0.6-0.9)*
Dietary Factors
Calories z-score	1.3 (0.8-2.0)
Seafood z-score	1.2 (0.9-1.5)
Meat z-score	0.9 (0.7-1.1)
Poultry z-score	1.0 (0.8-1.2)
Vegetables z-score	1.0 (0.7-1.3)
Legumes z-score	1.0 (0.8-1.2)
Nuts and seeds z-score	0.9 (0.6-1.3)
Fruit z-score	0.9 (0.7-1.2)
Eggs z-score	1.1 (0.9-1.3)
Dairy z-score	0.8 (0.6-1.1)
Whole grains z-score	0.8 (0.7-1.1)
Refined grains z-score	0.8 (0.6-1.2)
Public water z-score	1.1 (0.9-1.4)
Private water z-score	1.0 (0.8-1.3)
Model C-statistic	0.86

¹For all continuous variables, the adjusted odds ratio corresponds to a 1-standard deviation increase

²Adjusted for all variables listed in the Table in addition to survey cycle (2003-2004, 2005-2006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, or 2011-2012) and urinary creatinine (mg/dL)

^*Q-value < 0.05