Table 2.
Characteristics of Patients by Recovery Trajectory Class
| Baseline predictor column n(%) or mean ± SD | A1 Stable recovery (n = 115) | A2 Dramatic decline (n = 4) | B1 Rapid complete recovery (n = 71) | B2 Gradual variable recovery (n = 742) | C1 Dramatic rapid good recovery (n = 12) | C2 No recovery (n = 91) | C3 Death (n = 11) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||||
| Age, y | 42.0 ± 17.2 | 49.8 ± 14.9 | 37.4 ± 16.0 | 39.6 ± 15.5 | 35.4 ± 18.7 | 39.0 ± 15.9 | 50.4 ± 13.6 | 0.080a |
| Female | 32 (27.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 17 (23.9%) | 197 (26.5%) | 3 (25.0%) | 23 (25.3%) | 2 (18.2%) | 0.90b |
| Race | 0.039b | |||||||
| White | 101 (87.8%) | 2 (50.0%) | 59 (83.1%) | 609 (82.1%) | 11 (91.7%) | 63 (69.2%) | 8 (72.7%) | |
| Black | 11 (9.6%) | 1 (25.0%) | 10 (14.1%) | 105 (14.2%) | 1 (8.3%) | 20 (22.0%) | 3 (27.3%) | |
| Other | 3 (2.6%) | 1 (25.0%) | 2 (2.8%) | 28 (3.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (8.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Hispanic | 2 (1.7%) | 1 (25.0%) | 7 (9.9%) | 32 (4.3%) | 1 (8.3%) | 3 (3.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.057b |
| Pre-injury housing | 0.88b | |||||||
| Alone | 15 (13.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (16.9%) | 123 (16.6%) | 2 (16.7%) | 13 (14.3%) | 3 (27.3%) | |
| With family/friends | 98 (85.2%) | 4 (100.0%) | 59 (83.1%) | 615 (82.9%) | 10 (83.3%) | 78 (85.7%) | 8 (72.7%) | |
| Other | 2 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Education | 0.004b | |||||||
| <High school | 8 (7.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (11.3%) | 98 (13.3%) | 1 (8.3%) | 23 (26.4%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| High school grad/GED | 30 (26.1%) | 2 (50.0%) | 23 (32.4%) | 256 (34.6%) | 5 (41.7%) | 36 (41.4%) | 6 (60.0%) | |
| Some college/technical | 49 (42.6%) | 2 (50.0%) | 24 (33.8%) | 260 (35.2%) | 5 (41.7%) | 19 (21.8%) | 1 (10.0%) | |
| College grad or greater | 28 (24.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 16 (22.5%) | 125 (16.9%) | 1 (8.3%) | 9 (10.3%) | 2 (20.0%) | |
| Pre-injury employment | 0.006b | |||||||
| FT employed/student | 77 (67.5%) | 2 (50.0%) | 49 (69.0%) | 522 (71.1%) | 9 (75.0%) | 57 (64.0%) | 6 (60.0%) | |
| PT employed/student | 5 (4.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 7 (9.9%) | 61 (8.3%) | 3 (25.0%) | 9 (10.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Retired | 12 (10.5%) | 2 (50.0%) | 7 (9.9%) | 37 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 5 (5.6%) | 2 (20.0%) | |
| Unemployed/disabled | 20 (17.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (11.3%) | 114 (15.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 18 (20.2%) | 2 (20.0%) | |
| Pre-existing conditions | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 11 (9.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (8.5%) | 45 (6.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (6.6%) | 3 (27.3%) | 0.095b |
| Hypertension | 24 (20.9%) | 1 (25.0%) | 10 (14.1%) | 135 (18.2%) | 1 (8.3%) | 18 (19.8%) | 5 (45.5%) | 0.26b |
| Diabetes | 8 (7.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (8.5%) | 53 (7.1%) | 1 (8.3%) | 8 (8.8%) | 4 (36.4%) | 0.032b |
| Psychiatric disorder | 14 (12.3%) | 1 (25.0%) | 4 (5.6%) | 64 (8.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (8.8%) | 3 (27.3%) | 0.15b |
| Treatment | ||||||||
| Citicoline treatment | 61 (53.0%) | 4 (100.0%) | 38 (53.5%) | 368 (49.6%) | 6 (50.0%) | 46 (50.5%) | 5 (45.5%) | 0.57b |
| Site | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | 0.36b |
| TBI and acute medical characteristics | ||||||||
| GCS | <0.001b | |||||||
| 13–15 (mild) | 96 (83.5%) | 3 (75.0%) | 52 (73.2%) | 401 (54.0%) | 2 (16.7%) | 7 (7.7%) | 5 (45.5%) | |
| 9–12 (moderate) | 8 (7.0%) | 1 (25.0%) | 7 (9.9%) | 122 (16.4%) | 1 (8.3%) | 9 (9.9%) | 2 (18.2%) | |
| <9 (severe) | 11 (9.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 12 (16.9%) | 219 (29.5%) | 9 (75.0%) | 75 (82.4%) | 4 (36.4%) | |
| PTA days | <0.001b | |||||||
| 0 | 49 (42.6%) | 3 (75.0%) | 14 (19.7%) | 87 (11.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| 1 | 16 (13.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 9 (12.7%) | 51 (6.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| >1 | 45 (39.1%) | 1 (25.0%) | 37 (52.1%) | 384 (51.8%) | 4 (33.3%) | 6 (6.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| unknown | 5 (4.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (15.5%) | 220 (29.6%) | 8 (66.7%) | 85 (93.4%) | 10 (90.9%) | |
| TBI mechanism | <0.001b | |||||||
| Motor vehicle accident | 34 (29.6%) | 2 (50.0%) | 43 (60.6%) | 427 (57.5%) | 7 (58.3%) | 67 (73.6%) | 5 (45.5%) | |
| Fall from moving | 19 (16.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (11.3%) | 60 (8.1%) | 1 (8.3%) | 7 (7.7%) | 2 (18.2%) | |
| Fall from stationary | 38 (33.0%) | 1 (25.0%) | 14 (19.7%) | 151 (20.4%) | 2 (16.7%) | 11 (12.1%) | 3 (27.3%) | |
| Assault | 18 (15.7%) | 1 (25.0%) | 4 (5.6%) | 74 (10.0%) | 1 (8.3%) | 1 (1.1%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| Other | 6 (5.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.8%) | 30 (4.0%) | 1 (8.3%) | 5 (5.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Major extracranial injury | 18 (15.7%) | 3 (75.0%) | 32 (45.1%) | 313 (42.2%) | 9 (75.0%) | 54 (59.3%) | 4 (36.4%) | <0.001b |
| Hypotension | 11 (9.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 8 (11.3%) | 114 (15.4%) | 3 (25.0%) | 26 (28.6%) | 3 (27.3%) | 0.005b |
| Hypoxia | 8 (7.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (14.1%) | 72 (9.7%) | 1 (8.3%) | 13 (14.3%) | 2 (18.2%) | 0.46b |
| INR | <0.001b | |||||||
| ≤1.2 | 109 (94.8%) | 4 (100.0%) | 58 (81.7%) | 606 (81.7%) | 5 (41.7%) | 57 (62.6%) | 8 (72.7%) | |
| 1.3-2 | 4 (3.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (15.5%) | 124 (16.7%) | 7 (58.3%) | 30 (33.0%) | 3 (27.3%) | |
| >2 | 2 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.8%) | 12 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (4.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Hemoglobin | 13.3 ± 1.8 | 11.9 ± 1.1 | 12.4 ± 1.5 | 12.5 ± 2.2 | 11.8 ± 2.5 | 11.1 ± 2.3 | 12.4 ± 2.0 | <0.001a |
| Glucose | 134.0 ± 43.2 | 122.5 ± 82.4 | 147.7 ± 42.1 | 159.0 ± 53.7 | 166.3 ± 29.2 | 187.7 ± 59.7 | 184.6 ± 98.6 | <0.001a |
| Baseline head CT | ||||||||
| Midline shift | <0.001b | |||||||
| None | 100 (87.0%) | 4 (100.0%) | 52 (73.2%) | 586 (79.0%) | 8 (66.7%) | 55 (60.4%) | 8 (72.7%) | |
| 0–5mm | 12 (10.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 18 (25.4%) | 108 (14.6%) | 2 (16.7%) | 17 (18.7%) | 2 (18.2%) | |
| >5mm | 3 (2.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 48 (6.5%) | 2 (16.7%) | 19 (20.9%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| Mesencephalic cisterns | <0.001b | |||||||
| No compression | 103 (89.6%) | 4 (100.0%) | 53 (74.6%) | 557 (75.3%) | 7 (58.3%) | 46 (50.5%) | 9 (81.8%) | |
| Effaced/compressed | 12 (10.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 15 (21.1%) | 157 (21.2%) | 3 (25.0%) | 33 (36.3%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| Obliterated | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (4.2%) | 26 (3.5%) | 2 (16.7%) | 12 (13.2%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| SAH | <0.001b | |||||||
| None | 24 (20.9%) | 2 (25.0%) | 18 (25.4%) | 190 (25.6%) | 2 (16.7%) | 17 (18.7%) | 4 (36.4%) | |
| Sulci or cisterns only | 80 (69.6%) | 3 (75.0%) | 42 (59.2%) | 437 (58.9%) | 9 (75.0%) | 39 (42.9%) | 3 (27.3%) | |
| Sulci and cisterns | 11 (9.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (15.5%) | 115 (15.5%) | 1 (8.3%) | 35 (38.5%) | 4 (36.4%) | |
| IPH | 0.011b | |||||||
| None | 73 (63.5%) | 1 (25.0%) | 35 (49.3%) | 366 (49.3%) | 6 (50.0%) | 38 (41.8%) | 7 (63.6%) | |
| ≤25cc | 41 (35.7%) | 3 (75.0%) | 36 (50.7%) | 351 (47.3%) | 4 (33.3%) | 50 (54.9%) | 3 (27.3%) | |
| >25cc | 1 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 25 (3.4%) | 2 (16.7%) | 3 (3.3%) | 1 (9.1%) | |
| SDH | <0.001b | |||||||
| None | 91 (79.1%) | 3 (75.0%) | 48 (67.6%) | 516 (69.5%) | 6 (50.0%) | 45 (49.5%) | 5 (45.5%) | |
| ≤25cc | 22 (19.1%) | 1 (25.0%) | 20 (28.2%) | 195 (26.3%) | 5 (41.7%) | 32 (35.2%) | 4 (36.4%) | |
| >25cc or evacuated | 2 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (4.2%) | 31 (4.2%) | 1 (8.3%) | 14 (15.4%) | 2 (18.2%) | |
| EDH | 0.75b | |||||||
| None | 103 (89.6%) | 4 (100.0%) | 61 (85.9%) | 637 (85.8%) | 11 (91.7%) | 79 (86.8%) | 11 (100.0%) | |
| ≤ 25cc | 8 (7.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (14.1%) | 78 (10.5%) | 1 (8.3%) | 8 (8.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| >25cc or evacuated | 4 (3.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 27 (3.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (4.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
a
Based on Kruskal–Wallis test.
b
Based on χ2 test.
SD, standard deviation; GED, general educational development test; TBI, traumatic brain injury; FT, full time; PT, part time; GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; PTA, post-traumatic amnesia; INR, international normalized ratio; CT, computed tomography; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; IPH, intraparenchymal hemorrhage; SDH, subdural hemorrhage; EDH, epidural hemorrhage.