Table 1.

Summary of the most important clinical studies assessing cardiovascular risk and renal outcomes in patients with T2D and CKD other than ORIGIN, ACCORD, and EMPA-REG

Study	Number of participants	Comparators	Outcome
ABCD [45]	480 normotensive patients with diabetes mellitus	Intensive decrease in DBP vs target for DBP of 80–89 mmHg	−15 vs 8 patients reverted from microalbuminuria to normoalbuminuria* -lower risk for progressing in macroalbuminuria and overt albuminuria* -1.7% vs 5.4% Cerebrovascular events*
IDNT [46]	590 patients with hypertension, diabetes and microalbuminuria	Irbesartan 150 or 300 mg vs placebo	Time of onset of diabetic nephropathy: HR: 0.3 (95%CI: 0.14–0.61)*
RENAAL [47]	1,513 patients with hypertension, diabetes and nephropathy	Baseline SBP: 140–159 mmHg vs <130 mmHg	Risk for ESRD of death HR: 0.62*
UKPDS [48]	5,097 patients with diabetes	After 10 years of follow-up	-Patients with nephropathy had an annual death rate of 19.2%* -Risk for cardiovascular death increased with increasing nephropathy*
VA Nephron [49]	1,449 with diabetes mellitus, macroalbuminuria and eGFR 30–89 mL/min/1.73 m2	Losartan with lisinopril vs losartan with placebo	-Mortallity HR: 1.04 (95%CI: 0.73–1.49) -No significant difference in cardiovascular outcomes

Abbreviations: T2D, type 2 diabetes; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.