Table 1:
Participant characteristics
| Enrollment cohort (n=1,040) | Follow-up cohort (n=586) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 62 [53, 72] | 61 [52, 70] |
| Race | ||
| White | 946 (91%) | 524 (89%) |
| African American | 87 (8%) | 59 (10%) |
| Sex | ||
| Women | 413 (40%) | 239 (41%) |
| Men | 627 (60%) | 347 (59%) |
| Education (years) | 12 [12, 14] | 12 [12, 14] |
| Short IQCODE | 3·00 [3·00, 3·12] | 3·00 [3·00, 3·12] |
| Preexisting cognitive impairment* | 66 (6%) | 35 (6%) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 2 [1, 4] | 2 [1, 4] |
| Admission diagnosis | ||
| Sepsis/ARDS | 373 (36%) | 202 (34%) |
| Surgery | 168 (16%) | 100 (16%) |
| COPD, asthma, or other pulmonary disease† | 134 (13%) | 72 (12%) |
| Congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, or cardiogenic shock | 161 (15%) | 92 (16%) |
| Airway protection | 109 (10%) | 62 (11%) |
| Other | 95 (9%) | 52 (9%) |
| APACHE II at ICU admission | 24 [18, 30] | 23 [17, 29] |
| SOFA at enrollment | 9 [7, 11] | 8 [7, 11] |
| Mean daily SOFA in the ICU | 7·2 [5·7, 9·6] | 6·6 [5·3, 8·5] |
| Mechanically ventilated | ||
| Ever | 923 (89%) | 516 (88%) |
| Days after enrollment‡ | 3·1 [1·0, 8·6] | 2·2 [1·0, 6·0] |
| Benzodiazepine exposure | ||
| Ever | 686 (66%) | 364 (62%) |
| Mean 24 h dose in ICU (mg)‡§ | 5·8 [1·2, 19·0] | 5·7 [1·5, 18·3] |
| Opioid exposure | ||
| Ever | 834 (80%) | 458 (78%) |
| Mean 24 h dose in ICU (mcg)ঠ| 550 [148, 1,442] | 586 [153, 1,307] |
| Propofol exposure | ||
| Ever | 521 (50%) | 299 (51%) |
| Mean 24 h dose in ICU (mg)‡ | 655 [185, 1,648] | 589 [185, 1,578] |
| Dexmedetomidine exposure | ||
| Ever | 128 (12%) | 79 (13%) |
| Mean 24 h dose in ICU (mcg)‡ | 147 [46, 386] | 139 [48, 369] |
| Length of stay (days) | ||
| ICU | 5·0 [2·8, 11·1] | 4·9 [2·7, 10·0] |
| Hospital | 10·0 [5·9, 17·2] | 10·0 [6·1, 18·0] |
Data are median (IQR) or n/total (%). ARDS=acute respiratory distress syndrome. COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ICU=intensive care unit. IQCODE=Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly. SOFA=Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. APACHE=Acute Physiologic Assessment and Chronic Health Evaluation.
*
Short IQCODE>3·6.
†
Including pulmonary embolus and pulmonary fibrosis.
‡
Among those exposed.
§
In midazolam equivalents.
¶
In fentanyl equivalents.