Table 1.

Overview of scale development procedure.

Step and description		Actions undertaken in this study
1	Conceptualization: develop a conceptual definition of the construct	Conceptualization of target construct; scoping review; study selection; data extraction; define property; define entity; establish dimensionality of construct; construct definition
2	Development of measures: generate items to represent the construct and assess the content validity of the items	Item generation and sorting; expert interviews; item refinement
3	Method of validation: formally specify the measurement model	Formally specify the measurement model; include dependent variables for measurement
4	Scale evaluation and refinement: collect data, scale purification and refinement	Evaluate goodness of fit; assess validity at the construct level; assess reliability at the item level; eliminate problematic indicators
5	Validation: assess scale validity	Assess convergent validity; assess discriminant validity; test alternative models; test predictive validity