Table 4. Test-retest and interrater reliability of BESTest on item level.
| Subscale/Items | Test-retest (N = 10) | Interrater (N = 10) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohen's κ | 95% CI | % | Free marginal κ | 95% CI | % | |
| Biomechanical constraints | ||||||
| 1. Base of support | * | 100% | 0.91 | 0.74–1.00 | 93% | |
| 2. COM alignment | 0.83 | 0.52–1;00 | 90% | 0.73 | 0.47–1.00 | 80% |
| 3. Ankle strength hand range | 0.41 | -0.26–1.00 | 80% | 0.73 | 0.47–1.00 | 80% |
| 4. Hip/trunk lateral strength | 0.47 | 0.07–0.88 | 70% | 0.82 | 0.59–1.00 | 87% |
| 5. Sit on floor and stand up | * | 100% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% | |
| Stability limits/Verticality | ||||||
| 6a. Lateral lean during sitting (left) | 0.21 | -0.43–0.85 | 70% | 0.73 | 0.47–1.00 | 80% |
| 6a. Lateral lean during sitting (right) | 0.21 | -0.43–0.85 | 70% | 0.73 | 0.47–1.00 | 80% |
| 6b. Verticality (left) | * | 90% | 0.82 | 0.59–1.00 | 87% | |
| 6b. Verticality (right) | * | 90% | 0.73 | 0.47–1.00 | 80% | |
| 7. Functional lean forward | -0.09 | -0.67–0.50 | 50% | 0.82 | 0.59–1.00 | 87% |
| 8. Functional lean lateral (left) | 0.62 | 0.17–1.00 | 80% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% |
| 8. Functional lean lateral (right) | 0.52 | -0.05–1.00 | 80% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% |
|
Transistions-Anticipatory postural adjustments |
||||||
| 9. Sit to stand | * | 100% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% | |
| 10. Rise to toes | 0.58 | 0.10–1.00 | 80% | 0.91 | 0.74–1.00 | 93% |
| 11. Stand on one leg (left) | 0.60 | 0.16–1.00 | 80% | 0.64 | 0.36–0.93 | 73% |
| 11. Stand on one leg (right) | 0.82 | 0.51–1.00 | 90% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% |
| 12. Alternate stair touching | * | 90% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% | |
| 13. Standing arm raise | * | 100% | 0.91 | 0.74–1.00 | 93% | |
| Reactive postural responses | ||||||
| 14. In place response–forward | 0.57 | 0.06–1.00 | 80% | 0.73 | 0.47–1.00 | 80% |
| 15. In place response–backward | -0.06 | -0.44–1.31 | 30% | 0.91 | 0.74–1.00 | 93% |
| 16. Compensatory stepping correction–forward | 0.25 | -0.35–0.85 | 70% | 0.91 | 0.74–1.00 | 93% |
| 17. Compensatory stepping correction–backward | 0.49 | -0.02–1.00 | 70% | 0.82 | 0.59–1.00 | 87% |
| 18. Compensatory stepping correction–lateral (left) | 0.09 | -0.47–0.66 | 60% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% |
| 18. Compensatory stepping correction–lateral (right) | 0.17 | -0.45–0.78 | 60% | 0.82 | 0.59–1.00 | 87% |
| Sensory orientation | ||||||
| 19a. Sensory integration–eyes open, frim surface | * | 100% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% | |
| 19b. Sensory integration–eyes closed, frim surface | * | 90% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% | |
| 19c. Sensory integration–eyes open, foam surface | 1.00 | 0.00–1.00 | 100% | 0.91 | 0.74–1.00 | 93% |
| 19b. Sensory integration–eyes closed, foam surface | -0.25 | -0.50–0.00 | 40% | 0.91 | 0.74–1.00 | 93% |
| 20. Incline, eyes closed | 0.40 | -0.05–0.85 | 70% | 0.73 | 0.47–1.00 | 80% |
| Stability in gait | ||||||
| 21. Walk on level surface | 0.81 | 0.50–1.00 | 90% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% |
| 22. Change in gait speed | * | 100% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% | |
| 23. Walk with head turns | 0.52 | 0.10–0.93 | 70% | 0.91 | 0.74–1.00 | 93% |
| 24. Walk with pivot turns | * | 90% | 1.00 | 1.00 | 100% | |
| 25. Step over obstacle | * | 90% | 0.91 | 0.74–1.00 | 93% | |
| 26. Timed “get up and go” test | * | 100% | 0.91 | 0.74–1.00 | 93% | |
| 27. Timed “Get up and go” test with dual task | 0.51 | 0.08–0.95 | 70% | 0.91 | 0.74–1.00 | 93% |
BESTest: Balance Evaluation Systems Test; Κ: Kappa; CI: Confidence interval; %: Percentage of agreement
*: calculation not possible