TABLE 1.

Proposed mechanisms of action of probiotics against IBDs.

Inhibition of pathogenic enteric bacteria by:	Improvement in epithelial and mucosal barrier function by:	Alteration of immuno-regulation by:
• decreasing luminal pH • secretion of bacteriocidal proteins • resisting colonization • blocking epithelial binding	• production of short-chain fatty acids • enhancing mucus production • increasing barrier integrity	• increasing interleukin-10 and TGFp, and decreasing TNF levels • increasing IgA production