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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biotechnol Adv. 2019 Mar 15;37(6):107372. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.011

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Chemical interactions can stabilize coexistence between different populations.

A) Metabolic symbiosis such as cross-feeding in which different populations produce and share nutrients with one another can outweigh competition and ensure survival of all populations.

B) Cell-cell communication via small molecules can also ensure coexistence. For example, cells could mediate survival of other populations via gene circuits.