Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biotechnol Adv. 2019 Mar 15;37(6):107372. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.011

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Pairwise interactions only describe the direct interactions between populations (left), while Higher-order interactions describe when an interaction between two populations is modulated by one or more other populations (right). High-order interactions can ensure coexistence in complex microbial communities. In this case, two additional species could decrease the negative interaction between two antagonistic populations but otherwise have no direct competition with them, promoting coexistence between all four populations.