Table 1.

Recent achievements in engineering co-cultures for biotechnological applications

Composition	Final product(s)/process	Application context	Reference
E. coli-E. coli	Ethanol	Biofuels	(L. Wang et al. 2019)
Trichoderma reesei-E. coli	Isobutanol	Biofuels	(Minty et al. 2013)
E. coli-E. coli	Muconic acid	Biomaterials	(Zhang et al. 2015)
E. coli-E. coli	Cadaverine	Biomaterials	(J. Wang et al. 2018b)
E. coli-E. coli	Caffeyl alcohol/coniferyl alcohol	Biomaterials/pharmacological activity	(Z. Y. Chen et al. 2017)
E. coli-E. coli	Bisdemethoxycurcumin	Pharmacological activity	(Fang et al. 2018)
E. coli-E. coli	Rosmarinic acid	Pharmacological activity	(Li et al. 2019)
E. coli-S. cerevisiae	Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids	Pharmacological activity	(Minami et al. 2008)
Pichia pastoris-P. pastoris	Monacolin J/lovastatin	Anti-hypercholesterolemia	(Liu et al. 2018)
E. coli-S. cerevisiae	Oxygenated taxanes	Antitumor	(K. Zhou et al. 2015)
E. coli-E. coli	Apigetrin	Antioxidant	(Thuan et al. 2018)
Penicillum fuscum-P. camembertiilclavigerum	Berkeleylactone	Macrolide antibiotic	(Stierle et al. 2017)
E. coli-E. coli	Naringenin biosensor	Biosensing	(Xiu et al. 2017)
Aureobasidium pullans-S. cerevisiae	Fructo-oligosaccharides	Food	(Castro et al. 2019)