Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics

	HC group (n = 19)		SZ group (n = 19)		Statistics
	Mean ± SD	Range	Mean ± SD	Range		p
Gender, male/femalea, n	7/12		9/10		χ 2 = 0.43	0.45
Ageb	41.89 ± 10.25	30–60	44.16 ± 7.98	34–60	t = −0.76	0.74
Duration of illness, years			18.58 ± 10.12
PANSS positive			14.05 ± 5.78
PANSS negative			18.16 ± 5.70
PANSS general psychopathology			32.53 ± 10.36
PANSS total			64.74 ± 20.11
Medication, CPZ equivalent (mg/day)			642.26 ± 330.66
Verbal memoryb, z‐score	−0.04 ± 0.12		−2.17 ± 1.30		t = 5.25	0.00
Digit sequencingb, z‐score	0.21 ± 0.94		−1.52 ± 0.95		t = 5.63	0.00
Token motor taskb, z‐score	0.19 ± 0.90		−1.88 ± 1.62		t = 4.89	0.00
Verbal fluencyb, z‐score	0.37 ± 1.00		−1.31 ± 1.11		t = 4.88	0.00
Symbol coding taskb, z‐score	0.92 ± 1.10		−1.86 ± 1.97		t = 5.38	0.00
Tower of Londonb, z‐score	0.04 ± 0.94		−1.72 ± 2.19		t = 3.22	0.00
Composite scoreb, z‐score	0.28 ± 0.78		−1.74 ± 1.17		t = 6.25	0.00

Abbreviations: CPZ, chlorpromazine; HC, healthy controls; n, number; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; SD, standard deviation; SZ, schizophrenia.

^aChi‐square test.

^bIndependent‐samples t test.