Table 2.
Classification of Brucella vaccines.
| Classification | Vaccine | Route of administration | Immunological parameter evaluated | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vaccines from recombinant strains |
RB51WboA RB51SOD RB51SOD/WboA |
Intraperitoneal in BALB/c mice | Concentration of IFN-γ in culture supernatants of splenocytes upon in vitro stimulation. Clearance of challenge infection with B. abortus 2308 and B. melitensis 16 M measure as CFU in spleen in mice previously vaccinated with mutant strains. Development of IgG2a: RB51SOD, developed antibodies to SOD RB51WboA, develop to the O-side chain RB51SOD/WboA, develop to SOD and the O-side chain. |
(113–117) |
| Mutants in genes wbkA and per | Intraperitoneal in BALB/c mouse | Clearance of challenge infection with B. abortus 2308 measure as CFU in spleen in mice previously vaccinated with mutant strains. | (118–120) | |
| S2308DATP | Intraperitoneal in BALB/c mouse | Clearance of challenge infection with B. abortus 2308 measure as CFU in spleen and blood in mice previously vaccinated with mutant strains. Evaluation in the expression of MCH I, MHC II and costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86. IgG evaluation. |
(121) | |
| B. abortus Δpgk | Intraperitoneal BALB/c, 129/Sv, C57BL/6, and IRF-1 KO mice | Clearance of challenge infection with B. abortus 2308 measure as CFU in spleen in BALB/c, 129/Sv, C57BL/6, and 129/Sv mice previously vaccinated with mutant strains, B. abortus S19, RB51. IFN-γ production by spleen cells of IRF-1 KO mice vaccinated with S19, RB51, or the Δpgk mutant strain. |
(122) | |
| S19ΔvjbR | Vaccination intraperitoneally BALB/c mouse with a sustained-release vehicle to enhance vaccination efficacy was evaluated utilizing the live S19ΔvjbR::Kan in encapsulated alginate microspheres containing a non-immunogenic eggshell precursor protein of the parasite Fasciola hepatica | Clearance of challenge infection with B. abortus 2308 measure as CFU in spleen in mice previously vaccinated with S19 and mutant strains encapsulated and non-encapsulated. | (123, 124) | |
| IRF-1−/− mice were vaccinated intraperitoneally with B. abortus S19ΔvjbR | Clearance of challenge infection with B. melitensis 16M measure as CFU in spleen in mice previously vaccinated with S19ΔvjbR | (125) | ||
| ΔznuA | Intraperitoneal in BALB/c mouse | Clearance of challenge infection with B. abortus 2308 measure as CFU in spleen in mice previously vaccinated with S19, RB51 and mutant strains. | (126, 127) | |
| Probiotic vector | Lactococcus lactis expressing antigen L7/L12 of B. abortus | Intragastric gavage in BALB/c mouse | Evaluation of fecal anti-L7/L12 IgA and systemic IgG anti-L7/L12. The mutant strain was challenged by intraperitoneal injection with B. abortus 2308, and the clearance in the spleen was measure. |
(128) |
| Lactococcus lactis expressing Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) of B. abortus | Oral in BALB/c mouse with L. lactis expressing Cu/Zn alone or in combination with L. lactis expressing IL-12 | Evaluation of the presence IgG1, IgG2a, IgM, and sIgA from nasal and bronchoalveolar lavages. Lymphocyte proliferation assay after oral immunization. The mutant strain was challenged by intraperitoneal injection with B. abortus 2308, and the clearance in the spleen was measure. |
(129) | |
| Bacterial vector: | Salmonella typhimurium expressing BCSP31, Omp3b, and SOD proteins of Brucella abortus | Intraperitoneal and oral in BALB/c mouse | Evaluation of IgG, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The mixture of mutant strains was challenged by intraperitoneal injection with B. abortus 544, and the clearance in the spleen was measure. |
(130) |
| Salmonella typhimurium expressing BLS, Omp19, prpA, and SOD proteins of Brucella abortus | Intraperitoneal in guinea pigs | Histopathological assessment in lungs, liver, spleen, and uterus. The mixture of mutant strains was challenged by intraperitoneal injection with B. abortus 544, and the clearance in the spleen and liver was measure. |
(131) | |
| Intraperitoneal in pregnant guinea pigs | Histopathological assessment in lungs, liver, spleen, and uterus. The mixture of mutant strains was challenged by intraperitoneal injection with B. abortus 544, and the clearance in the spleen and liver was measure. |
(132) | ||
| Attenuated strains | B. neotomae | Intraperitoneal in BALB/c mouse with B. neotomae and B. neotomae mutant strains | Levels in serum of total IgG, as well as IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, and IgM. IL-2, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70 cytokines were tested in the collected supernatants of splenocytes from vaccinated mice. Cells from spleens of vaccinated mice were stained, to determine the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that secreted IFN-γ. B. neotomae and B. neotomae mutant strains were challenged by intraperitoneal injection with B. melitensis 16M, B. abortus 2308, or B. suis 1330, and the clearance in the spleen was measure. |
(133) |
| Oral in BALB/c mouse | Levels in serum of total IgG, as well as IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG3, and IgM. Levels in intestinal secretions of total IgG, IgM, and IgA. Cells from spleens of vaccinated mice were stained, to determine the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that secreted IFN-γ and TNF-α. B. neotomae was challenged by intraperitoneal injection with B. abortus 2308 and the clearance in the spleen, liver and lungs was measure. |
(134) | ||
| znuA B. melitensis | Oral in BALB/c mouse and IFN-γ−/− BALB/c mouse | Evaluation for colonization in spleens, Peyer's patches, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Splenocyte production of IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-22, was evaluated, pre and post challenge. Vaccination with znuA B. melitensis and B. abortus RB51, was nasally challenge with B. melitensis 16M. Clearance in the spleen and lungs was measure. Spleen grown was measure. |
(71) | |
| Evaluation of Lc T CD4+ and CD8+. | (135) | |||
| B. melitensis WR201 | Oral in BALB/c mice | Vaccination with the mutant strain was nasally challenge with B. melitensis 16M, clearance in the spleen, liver and lungs was measure. Determination of IgG and IgM in serum and IgA in saliva. Splenocyte cytokine production of IL-2 and IFN-γ. |
(136) | |
| Viral vectors | Influenza virus vectors expressing proteins Omp16, Omp19, SOD, or L7/L12 | Pregnant sheeps and goatsSubcutaneous and conjunctival routes | Serum samples for determine antigen-specific humoral IgG, IgG2a, IgG1 antibodies, and whole blood for T cell stimulation index and IFN-γ production. | (137) |
| Challenged with a virulent strain of B. melitensis16M, concentration of the bacteria in lymph nodes (submandibular, retropharyngeal, right subscapular, left subscapular, mediastinal, bronchial, portal, para-aortic, pelvic, mesenterican dudder), parenchymal organs (liver, kidney, spleen, and bone marrow) and placenta. | ||||
| Cell subunit vaccines | BLSOMP31 | Conjuntival in lambs | Samples of serum, saliva, nasal, preputial and lacrimal secretions for detection of IgG. Samples of saliva, nasal, preputial and lacrimal secretions for detection of IgG and IgA anti-BLSOmp31 levels. IFN-γ in blood samples. Intradermal reaction to BLSOmp3. |
(138) |
| Non-pathogenic alphaproteobacteria (NPAP) antigens | Ochrobactrum anthropi, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Mesorhizobium loti, Agrobacterium tumefaciens | Subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and Intragastric in BALB/c mouse | The subcutaneous and intraperitoneal vaccine administration was challenge intravenously with B. melitensis H38. Clearance in the spleen was measure. The intragastric vaccine administration was challenge with B. abortus 2308. Clearance in the spleen was measure. Serum IgG against B. abortus cytosolic antigens in mice immunized intraperitoneally with cytosolic fractions of NPAP. Serum IgG and IgA and fecal IgA against B. abortus cytosolic antigens in mice orally immunized. |
(139) |
| Nanoparticles | Omp31-loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles | Intraperitoneal and oral in BALB/c mouse | Determination of IgG1 and IgG2a and IgM in serum. Anti-Omp31 IgA was determined in fecal samples. Cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, and IL-17) response in splenocytes. The vaccine was challenge with B. melitensis 16M, clearance in the spleen was measure. |
(140) |
| Outer membrane vesicles (OMVS) | (OMVs) of B. melitensis 16M | Intramuscular in BALB/c mouse | Serum immunoglobulin IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes with specificity to OMVs. Cytokine response of Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells (BMDC) from Balb/c mouse, Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α), DC2-mediated Th2 (IL-4 and IL-10), and DC17-mediated Th17 (IL-17, IL-23, and TGF-β). Mice were challenge intraperitoneal with B. melitensis 16M, clearance in the spleen was measure. |
(141) |