Figure 1.

(A) A typical neuron shows ionic and neurotransmitter transients induced due to neural activity. (B) The action potential propagation across the axon leads to ionic transients. The activation of the Na⁺/ATPase and Ca²⁺/ATPase leads to extracellular acidification and extracellular alkalinization, respectively. (C) Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft during propagation of neural response across neurons. (D) The two classes of neurochemicals i.e., neurotransmitters and ions can be detected using electrochemical methods such as voltammetry and potentiometry, respectively.