TABLE 1.2.
Direction of first look results from eye-tracking studies exploring joint attention using gaze following in young children with ASD or at-risk for ASD.
|
Direction of first look in response to gaze shifts | ||||
| Article | Participants | Measure | ASD vs. others1 | Additional information2 |
| Bedford et al., 2012 | High-risk∗∗, LR 7 and 13 mo. | R/(R + D + O + F) | Same | |
| Thorup et al., 2016 | High-risk∗, LR 10 mo. | LIVE interaction (not screen-based) | ||
| R-D | Same | Response to Eye + Head better than Eyes only for HR but not LR group | ||
| R-D/(R + D) | Same | Both groups above chance | ||
| Nyström et al., 2019 | High-risk∗∗, LR 10 mo. | R-D | Same | LIVE interaction (not screen-based) |
| This study | High-risk∗∗, LR 15 mo. | (R-D)/(R + D) | Same | All above chance |
| R/(R + D + O + F) | Same | |||
| Billeci et al., 2016 | ASD, TD 18–30 mo. | (R–D)/(R + D) | Same | Chance comparison not reported |
| Gliga et al., 2012 | High-risk∗∗, LR 36 mo. | R/(R + D) | Same | All above chance |
| Falck-Ytter et al., 2015 | ASD, TD 41 mo. | R-D | Same | |
| Vivanti et al., 2017 | ASD, TD 48 mo. | R/(R + D) | Less | Chance comparison not reported |
| Same | After excluding trials with face dwell time during gaze shift < 100 ms | |||
| Gillespie-Lynch et al., 2013 | ASD, TD 28–79 mo. | R-D | Less | |
| Thorup et al., 2017 | ASD, TD 38–115 mo. | R/(R + D) | Same | All above chance |
Studies are organized by participant age (youngest to oldest) to highlight any developmental progression. R, object referenced; D, distractor object; F, whole face area; O, other areas of screen. ∗High familial risk studies without diagnostic outcome comparing LR with HR; ∗∗High familial risk studies with analysis by outcome. TD, typically developing; ASD, diagnosed. 1‘Less’ indicates ASD or high familial risk participants had lower values than typically developing/low familial risk participants. 2This column contains additional relevant information regarding experimental conditions or comparisons to chance (where appropriate).