TABLE 1.3.
Results for attention engagement with objects from eye-tracking studies exploring joint attention using gaze following in young children with ASD or at-risk for ASD.
|
Engaging attention with gazed at objects | ||||
| Article | Participants | Measure | ASD vs. others1 | Additional information2 |
| Engaging attention with gazed at objects | ||||
| Bedford et al., 2012 | High-risk∗∗, LR | R/(R + D + O + F) | ||
| 7 mo. | Same | |||
| 13 mo. | Less | |||
| This study | High-risk∗∗, LR 15 mo. | (R-D)/(R + D) | Same | All groups above chance |
| R/(R + D + O + F) | Less | |||
| Billeci et al., 2016 | ASD, TD 18–30 mo. | R/(R + D + O + F) | Same | |
| Gliga et al., 2012 | High-risk∗∗, LR 36 mo. | R/(R + D) | Same | All groups above chance |
| Falck-Ytter et al., 2015 | ASD 41 mo. TD 21 mo. | R-D First fixation | Less | |
| Vivanti et al., 2017 | ASD, TD 48 mo. | R (not scaled) | Less | |
| R (not scaled) | Trending less | After excluding trials with dwell time on face < 100 ms during gaze shift | ||
| Thorup et al., 2017 | ASD, TD 38–115 mo. | R/(R + D) First fixation | Less | When referent was not an object of high interest, i.e., a pot plant |
| R/(R + D) First fixation | Same | When referent was an object of high interest, i.e., trains/vehicles | ||
Studies are organized by participant age (youngest to oldest) to highlight any developmental progression. R, object referenced; D, distractor object; F, whole face area; O, other areas of screen. ∗High familial risk studies without diagnostic outcome comparing LR with HR; ∗∗High familial risk studies with analysis by outcome. TD, typically developing; ASD, diagnosed. 1‘Less’ indicates ASD or high familial risk participants had lower values than typically developing/low familial risk participants. 2This column contains additional relevant information regarding experimental conditions or comparisons to chance (where appropriate).