Table 1.

Historical and instrumental earthquakes reported in Chiang Saen since 624 B.C. with observed intensities. Approximated distance to Chiang Saen from instrumental earthquakes has been determined from rupture area of past studies.

no.	date	maximum estimated/observed intensities	description
historical earthquakes
1	624 B.C.	VI [9]	earthquakes, thunder, mountains trembled violently, people's hair stood on end, no damage is mentioned
2	623 B.C.	VI [9]	earthquakes, thunder, mountains trembled, heavy rain, no damage is mentioned
3	594 B.C.	VI [9]	earthquakes, thunder, mountains trembled, no damage is mentioned
4	589 B.C.	VI [9]	earthquakes, thunder, mountains trembled more intensely than during the first three earthquakes, no damage is mentioned
5	460	XII [9]	in the evening, the Earth trembled violently and loudly once; in the middle of the night, it shook once more; late that night, the tremor hit again; the whole town submerged and became a big lake; the king and all of his subjects died except one old widow
6	534	VIII [9]	four pagodas were toppled, thunder
7	1715	VII [9]	earthquakes occurred; the finials of four jedis broke off and fell down in four districts and were destroyed; the Earth trembled throughout that month before quietening down
instrumental earthquakes
8	16 May 2007 (distance, 75 km)	IV [3]	in the Chiang Saen district, bricks and cement were dislodged from the Chedi Luang Pagoda. A spire on the top of Wat Phra That Jomkitti Pagoda and the lotus-shaped tip of Wat Pasak Pagoda were knocked down. Cracks developed in the Jomkitti Pagoda
9	24 Mar 2011 (distance, 46 km)	VI [1,3]	a spire on the top of Chedi Luang fell down causing additional damage to the nearby stupa. Crack developed on Chedi Wat Pasak and Wat Phra That Jomkiti
10	5 May 2014 (distance, 79 km)	IV [2,11]	cracks developed at the top of Chedi Luang