Table 5.
Categorical moderators.
| Variable |
Between variance (Q, df, p) |
Group 1 (d, p, I2) | Group 2 (d, p, I2) | Group 3 (d, p, I2) | Group 4 (d, p, I2) | Group 5 (d, p, I2) | Group 6 (d, p, I2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | 9.68 5 0.085 |
Germany (0.46, 0.002, <1%) | North/Middle/West Europe (0.44, 0.028, <1%) |
South/East Europe (0.81, <0.001, 61.26%) |
Far East (0.37, 0.142, <1%) | USA/Australia/Canada (0.45, 0.065, 20%) |
Others (1.17, <0.001, 61.79%) |
| Higher vs. lower risk of bias | 3.27 1 0.071 |
Lower risk (0.48, 0.000, 8.68%) | Higher risk (0.76, 0.000, 34.48%) | – | – | – | – |
| Randomization | 2.27 2 0.320 |
No randomization (0.85, <0.001, 44.17%) |
Quasi- randomization (0.48, 0.003, <1%) | Randomization (0.57, <0.001, 37.48%) |
– | – | – |
| Age range | 10.71 5 0.098 |
Children (1.40, <0.001, 79.51%) | Teenager (0.93, 0.003, 79.29%) | Young adults (0.55, 0.051, 27.18%) | Younger + older adults (0.46, 0.000, <1%) | Older adults (0.30, 0.172, <1%) | Seniors (0.83, <0.001, 43.75%) |
| Diagnoses | 4.17 5 0.654 |
Cognitive impairment (0.87, 0.017, 68.75%) |
Affective disorders/stress (0.57, <0.001, <1%) | Developmental disorders (0.41, 0.106, <1%) |
Schizophrenia (0.40, 0.075, <1%) | Parkinson (0.53, 0.033, <1%) | None (0.90, <0.001, 72.41%) |
df, degree of freedom (df = k – 1).