Fig. 1.
Healthy intestinal environment (A) compared to dysbiosis (B) that leads to intestinal inflammation and emerging of autoimmunity.
Abbreviations: SCFA, short-chain fatty acids; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; IL, interleukin; LL-37,cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide 37; Ref3b, regenerating islet-derived protein 3-beta; HβD2, human beta defensin-2 (HβD2); TNFα , tumor necrosis factor alfa; IFNγ, interferon gamma.
Symbols: 
dendritic cell; 
T cell; 
B cell; 
plasma cell; 
Firmicutes; 
Bacteroides; 
opportunistic pathobionts; 
mucin metabolisers like Akkermansia muciniphila; 
fungi like Candida albicans; 
Bacteriophage; 
foreign antigens; 
self antigens.