Table 1.
Study Characteristics
| Overall N = 10 378 | <175 N = 3657 | 175–275 N = 3176 | ≥275 N = 3545 | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mo | 9.1 (2.5, 53.5) | 9.7 (2.8, 58.7) | 7.9 (1.7, 46.5) | 10.1 (2.6, 54.2) | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 5661 (55) | 1957 (54) | 1777 (56)) | 1927 (54) | 0.12 |
| Weight, kg | 7.6 (4.3, 16.2) | 7.9 (4.5, 17.2) | 7.1 (4.0, 15.2) | 7.9 (4.4, 16.5) | <0.001 |
| Weight for age z‐score | −0.95 (−1.93, −0.00) | −0.93 (−1.95, 0.08) | −0.99 (−1.96, −0.11) | −0.93 (−1.90, 0.01) | 0.02 |
| Developmental disorder | 219 (2) | 75 (2) | 83 (3) | 61 (2) | 0.03 |
| Failure to thrive | 1166 (11 | 337 (9) | 248 (8) | 581 (16) | <0.001 |
| Genetic disorder | 844 (8) | 270 (7) | 256 (8) | 318 (9)) | 0.04 |
| Low birth weight | 588 (6) | 230 (6) | 156 (5) | 202 (6) | 0.04 |
| PIM‐2 score | −3.9 (−4.6, −3.1) | −3.9 (−4.9, −3.1) | −3.6 (−4.3, −2.9) | −3.9 (−4.9, −3.1) | <0.001 |
| PRISM‐3 score | 6 (3, 10) | 6 (3, 9) | 6 (3, 10) | 7 (4, 11) | <0.001 |
| Use of CMV prior to cardiac surgery | 335 (3) | 131 (4) | 100 (3) | 104 (3) | 0.28 |
| Operation details | |||||
| CPB case | 7035 (68) | 2308 (63) | 2251 (71) | 2476 (70) | <0.001 |
| High‐complexity operation | 2730 (29) | 811 (25) | 886 (30) | 1033 (31) | <0.001 |
| >1 cardiothoracic surgery | 1651 (15) | 522 (14) | 611 (19) | 518 (14) | <0.001 |
| Use of ECMO | 362 (32) | 132 (4) | 136 (4) | 94 (3) | 0.001 |
| Heart transplantation | 197 (2) | 42 (1) | 80 (3) | 75 (2) | <0.001 |
| Diagnoses | |||||
| Arrhythmias | 1014 (10) | 401 (11) | 299 (9) | 314 (9) | 0.008 |
| Chronic lung disease | 273 (3) | 66 (2) | 27 (1) | 180 (5) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary hypertension | 506 (5) | 213 (6) | 144 (5) | 149 (4) | 0.003 |
| Cardiac arrest | 460 (4) | 169 (5) | 207 (7) | 84 (2) | <0.001 |
| Chylothorax | 64 (1) | 47 (1) | 6 (0) | 11 (0) | <0.001 |
| Diaphragm disorders | 206 (2) | 93 (3) | 56 (2) | 57 (2) | 0.01 |
| Renal failure | 780 (8) | 253 (7) | 179 (6) | 348 (10) | <0.001 |
| Seizures | 275 (3) | 100 (3) | 84 (3) | 91 (3) | 0.91 |
| Sepsis | 60 (1) | 38 (1) | 11 (0) | 11 (0) | <0.001 |
| Brain hemorrhage | 440 (4) | 131 (4) | 187 (6) | 122 (3) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; CMV, conventional mechanical ventilation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; NIV, noninvasive ventilation; PIM‐2, Pediatric Index of Mortality; PRISM, Pediatric Risk of Mortality.
Continuous variables are summarized by the triplet of quartiles 50th (25th and 75th). Categorical variables are presented as n (%).