Table 2.
Comparison of HCM Patients With High and Low TGF‐β Levels in Terms of Clinical, Echocardiographic, Biochemical, and Hematological Characteristics
| High TGF‐β, n = 19 | Low TGF‐β, n = 30 | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 34 ± 11 | 41 ± 13 | 0.04 |
| Male sex | 11 (57) | 17 (56) | 0.3 |
| Hypertension | 7 (36) | 5 (16) | 0.01 |
| DM | 10 (52) | 16 (53) | 0.2 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 11 (57) | 19 (63) | 0.6 |
| Family history | 5 (26) | 7 (23) | 0.1 |
| Smoking | 4 (21) | 6 (20) | 0.5 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 31 ± 4 | 28 ± 3 | 0.07 |
| LAD, cm | 4.3 ± 1.2 | 3.9 ± 2.1 | 0.01 |
| LVDD, cm | 5.0 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 0.1 |
| LVSD, cm | 3.7 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 0.1 |
| IVS, cm | 2.9 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| PW, cm | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 0.9 |
| LVEF, % | 62 ± 5 | 60 ± 6 | 0.8 |
| Obstructive type | 12 (63) | 13 (43) | 0.3 |
| LVOT peak gradient, mm Hg | 39 ± 19 | 35 ± 33 | 0.4 |
| AF | 6 (31) | 8 (26) | 0.7 |
| Nonsustained VT | 6 (31) | 7 (23) | 0.5 |
| Sustained VT | 2 (10) | 1 (3) | 0.4 |
| ICD implantation | 5 (26) | 3 (10) | 0.2 |
| Acute MI | 1 (5) | 1 (3) | 0.4 |
| NYHA class >1 | 15 (78) | 12 (40) | 0.003 |
| NYHA class | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 0.002 |
| Acute HF | 5 (26) | 4 (13) | 0.2 |
| Hospitalization | 14 (73) | 12 (40) | <0.001 |
| Mortality | 4 (21) | 2 (6) | 0.1 |
| Adverse eventsa | 10 (52) | 4 (13) | 0.003 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 99 ± 21 | 98 ± 18 | 0.8 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 0.1 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 44 ± 9 | 49 ± 11 | 0.4 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 129 ± 18 | 125 ± 21 | 0.8 |
| TG, mg/dL | 138 ± 32 | 144 ± 48 | 0.3 |
| TGF‐β, pg/mL | 1869 ± 1392 | 7150 ± 2850 | <0.001 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 149 ± 59 | 28 ± 20 | <0.001 |
| Urea, mg/dL | 34 ± 15 | 36 ± 8 | 0.5 |
| Cr, mg/dL | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.95 ± 0.2 | 0.3 |
| AST, U/L | 24 ± 16 | 20 ± 12 | 0.7 |
| ALT, U/L | 28 ± 14 | 22 ± 16 | 0.6 |
| Hg, g/dL | 13 ± 1 | 13 ± 2 | 0.8 |
| WBC, ×103/mm3 | 5.5 ± 1.6 | 4.9 ± 1.8 | 0.1 |
| Platelet count, ×103/mm3 | 138 ± 34 | 130 ± 29 | 0.3 |
| Medications | |||
| Warfarin | 5 (26) | 8 (26) | 0.6 |
| Cordarone | 3 (15) | 2 (6) | 0.07 |
| ACEI | 13 (68) | 18 (60) | 0.2 |
| ARB | 5 (26) | 10 (33) | 0.4 |
| β‐Blocker | 15 (78) | 25 (83) | 0.5 |
| CCB | 4 (21) | 5 (16) | 0.3 |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ALT, alanine transaminase; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; AST, aspartate transaminase; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CCB, calcium channel blocker; Cr, creatinine; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HF, heart failure; Hg, hemoglobin; ICD, implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator; IVS, interventricular septum; LAD, left atrial diameter, LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LVDD, left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVOT, left ventricular outflow tract; LVSD, left ventricular systolic diameter; MI, myocardial infarction; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PW, posterior wall; SD, standard deviation; TG, triglycerides; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor‐β; WBC, white blood cell count.
Data are expressed as mean ± SD for normally distributed data and n (%) for categorical variables.
Acute HF, acute MI, ventricular arrhythmic events requiring ICD implantation, and cardiac mortality.