Table 1.
Evidence table for included studies.
| Adjuvant treatment | Study | EG | CG | n EG | n CG | Treatment success: Post | Treatment success: Follow up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Behaviour-based interventions | |||||||
| Art therapy | (Campbell et al., 2016) | CPT + Art therapy | CPT | 5 | 10 | PCL-M: EG = CG BDI-II: EG = CG |
|
| Breathing Biofeedback | (Polak et al., 2015) | TFCBT + Breathing Biofeedback | TFCBT | 4 | 4 | IES-R: EG = CG | |
| Family therapy | (Glynn et al., 1999) | DTE + Family therapy | DTE | 17 | 12 | CAPS: EG = CG M-PTSD: EG = CG IOE: EG = CG |
CAPS EG = CG M-PTSD: EG = CG IOE: EG = CG |
| Exercise | (Powers et al., 2015) | PE + E | PE | - a | - a | PSS-I: EG > CGc | |
| Hypnotherapy | (Galovski et al., 2016) | CPT + Hypnotherapy | CPT + Sleep symptom monitoring | 52 | 56 | CAPS: EG = CG BDI-II: EG = CG |
CAPS: EG = CG BDI-II: EG = CG |
| Cognitive enhancers | |||||||
| Cortisol | (Yehuda et al., 2015) | PE + HCN | PE + Placebo | 12 | 12 | CAPS: EG > CGd PSS-SR: EG > CGd |
CAPS: EG > CGd PSS-SR: EG > CGd |
| D-cycloserine | (de Kleine et al., 2012) | PE + DCS | PE + Placebo | 33b | 34b | CAPS: EG = CG PSS-SR: EG = CG BDI-II: EG = CG |
CAPS: EG = CG PSS-R: EG = CG BDI-II: EG = CG |
| D-cycloserine | (Difede et al., 2014) | VRE + DCS | VRE + Placebo | 13 | 12 | CAPS: EG = CG PCL: EG = CG BDI-II: EG = CG |
CAPS: EG > CG PCL: EG > CG BDI-II: EG > CG |
| D-cycloserine | (Litz et al., 2012) | EBT + DCS | EBT + Placebo | 13 | 13 | CAPS: EG < CG PCL: EG < CG BDI-II: EG < CG |
CAPS: EG = CG PCL: EG = CG BDI-II: EG = CG |
| D-cycloserine | (Rothbaum et al., 2014) | VRE + DCS | VRE + Placebo | 53 | 53 | CAPS: EG = CG PSS: EG = CG |
CAPS: EG = CG PSS: EG = CG |
| Oxytocin | (Flanagan et al., 2018) | PE + OT | PE + Placebo | 8 | 9 | CAPS: EG = CG PCL: EG = CG BDI-II: EG = CG |
|
| Yohimbine | (Tuerk et al., 2018) | PE + Yohimbine | PE + Placebo | 14 | 12 | CAPS: EG = CG PCL: EG = CG BDI-II: EG = CG |
CAPS: EG = CG PCL: EG = CG BDI-II: EG = CG |
| Methylene blue | (Zoellner et al., 2017) | IE + Methylene blue | IE + Placebo | 15 | 16 | PSS-I: EG = CG PSS-SR: EG = CG QIDS-SR: EG = CG |
PSS-I: EG = CG PSS-SR: EG = CG QIDS-SR: EG = CG |
Note. For each study treatment success of the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG) are compared for both post-treatment and follow up-treatment success. Directions of significant differences in treatment success are indicated by “>“ “<“. Non-significant differences are indicated by “ = “. Higher treatment success indicates heightened symptom reduction. CPT = Cognitive processing therapy; TFCBT = Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; PE = Prolonged Exposure; VRE = Virtual Reality Exposure; EBT = Exposure-based Therapy; DTE = Directed therapeutic exposure; IOE = Impact of Event Scale; IES-R = Impact of Event Scale Revised; CAPS = Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; PSS = PTSD Symptom Scale; PSS-SR = PTSD Symptom Scale – Self-Report; PSS-I = PTSD Symptom Scale – Interview; PCL = Posttraumatic Check List; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory Revised; M-PTSD = Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; HCN = Hydrocortisone; DCS = D-cycloserine; OT = Oxytocin; a = Persons per group not mentioned; b = Intent-to-Treat sample; c = no inference statistical analysis; d = Analysis included both post and follow-up data.