. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Sep 7.

Published in final edited form as: Analyst. 2019 Aug 2;144(17):5108–5116. doi: 10.1039/c9an01093a

Table 1.

Actual antibody coverage from BCA assay and theoretical estimated antibody coverage based on electrode surface area and antibody dimensions

Immobilization Strategy	Theoretical Coverage/electrode × 10⁹		Coverage found × 10⁹
Immobilization Strategy	(Side-on)	(end-on)	Coverage found × 10⁹
AuNP/(EDC/NHSS)	1.90	7.10	6.2± 0.3
rGO/(EDC/NHSS)	1.70	6.20	4.3±0.3
Chitosan/Glutaraldehyde	0.73	2.40	6.1±0.6
Direct antibody Adsorption	0.76	2.70	1.1±0.03
Protein A (Passive Adsorption)	0.24	0.30	0.26±0.01
Protein A on AuNP electrodes	0.54	0.64	6.1±0.4