Figure 1.

Immune effector gene expression in the midgut during the larval–pupal moult of Galleria mellonella. Roman numerals correspond to precise developmental stages (§2). Plotted values represent the coefficients and 95% confidence intervals from negative binomial generalized linear models. (a,b) Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptide genes with no upregulation between stages III and V. (c,d) Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptide genes with significant upregulation between stages III and V. Upregulation was considered to be significant when fold changes were greater than 2 in a pairwise Wald contrast at an FDR-corrected p-value of less than 0.05. Arrows denote the onset of the larval–pupal moult.