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. 2019 Jun 25;105(17):1302–1309. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2019-315138

Table 2.

Summary of studies on coronary microvascular dysfunction in chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Study Year Country Population Modality Findings
Ragosta et al 18 2004 USA Controls (n=32)
Patients with diabetes with no kidney disease (n=11)
Patients with diabetic nephropathy (n=21)
Doppler angiography Significantly lower CFR in patients with diabetic nephropathy compared with other two groups.
Tok et al 25 2005 Turkey Controls (n=14)
Patients on HD (n=10)
Doppler TTE Significantly lower CFR in HD patients.
Chade et al 17 2006 USA GFR >60 mL/min (n=481)
GFR <60 mL/min (n=124)
Doppler angiography Non-significant trend towards reduced CFR as eGFR falls.
Viganò et al 26 2007 Italy Controls (n=17)
Renal transplant recipients (n=25)
Doppler TTE CFR impaired in half of cases.
Niizuma et al 24 2008 Japan Controls (n=20)
Patients on HD (n=21)
Doppler TTE Significantly lower CFR in HD patients.
Caliskan et al 12 2008 Turkey Controls (n=39)
HD (n=48)
Renal transplant recipients (n=27)
Doppler TTE Significantly lower CFR in ESRD and in renal transplant recipients. Lower CFR in ESRD than renal transplant recipients.
Bezante et al 11 2009 Italy Patients with hypertension and normal renal function (n=64)
Patients with hypertension and renal impairment (n=12)
Doppler TTE Significantly lower CFR in patients with hypertension and renal impairment.
Koivuviita et al 20 2009 Finland Controls (n=10)
CKD stages 3–5 (n=22)
PET Non-significant trend towards reduced CFR as eGFR falls.
Turiel et al 27 2009 Italy Controls (n=25)
Renal transplant recipients (n=25)
Doppler TTE Significantly lower CFR in renal transplant recipients compared with controls.
Bozbas et al 13 2009 Turkey Controls (n=26)
ESRD (n=30)
Renal transplant recipients (n=30)
Doppler TTE Significantly lower CFR in ESRD and in renal transplant recipients. Lower CFR in ESRD than renal transplant recipients.
Charytan et al 21 2010 USA CKD stages 1–3 (n=435) PET Non-significant trend towards reduced CFR as eGFR falls
Akagun et al 28 2011 Turkey Renal transplant recipients (n=20) Doppler TTE CFR <2 in 65%
Murthy et al 29 2012 USA eGFR <60 mL/min (n=866) PET CFR <1.5 associated with increased risk of cardiac mortality.
Imamura et al 23 2014 Japan Controls (n=15)
CKD stages 1–5 (n=175)
Doppler TTE Significant decrease in CFR as eGFR falls. Incremental reduction in CFR with albuminuria.
Shah et al 14 2016 USA Dialysis-dependent patients (n=168) PET CFR <1.5 associated with increased risk of cardiac mortality.
Nakanishi et al 15 2013 Japan eGFR <60 mL/min (n=139) Doppler TTE CFR <2 associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes.
Tona et al 30 2016 Italy Simultaneous kidney pancreas transplant recipients (n=48) Doppler TTE Lower CFR associated with worse cardiovascular outcomes.
Paz et al 16 2017 USA ESRD awaiting transplant (n=131) PET CFR <2 in 58.8% of patients with ESRD.
Charytan et al 22 2018 USA Controls (n=198)
CKD stages 1–5 (n=3748)
PET Significant decrease in CFR as CKD stage increases.
Nelson et al 19 2019 USA Controls (n=15)
ESRD (n=15)
Doppler angiography Significantly reduced CFR in ESRD compared with controls.

CFR, Coronary flow reserve; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HD, haemodialysis; PET, positron emission tomography; TTE, transthoracic echocardiography.