Table 2.
Odds ratios for associations between various factors and risk for Ebstein anomaly, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011.
| Risk Factor | Crude OR | 95% CI | Adjusted OR* | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | ||||
| <20 | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.5 | 0.8 | 0.3, 1.8 |
| 20–34 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 35–39 | 1.1 | 0.6, 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.4, 1.4 |
| ≥40 | 1.3 | 0.5, 3.5 | 0.9 | 0.3, 2.6 |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | Reference | Reference | ||
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.6 | 0.3, 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.3, 1.2 |
| Hispanic | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.4 |
| Other | 0.8 | 0.4, 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.4, 1.9 |
| Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI** (kg/m2) | ||||
| ≤25 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 25–29 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.7 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.9 |
| ≥30 | 1.1 | 0.5, 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.6 |
| Gravidity | ||||
| 0 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.4 |
| 1 or more | Reference | Reference | ||
| Maternal fever*** | ||||
| Any 1st trimester exposure | 1.2 | 0.7, 2.2 | 1.0 | 0.5, 2.0 |
| No exposure during pregnancy | Reference | Reference | ||
| Maternal folic acid use | ||||
| Any 1st trimester exposure | Reference | Reference | ||
| No exposure during pregnancy | 1.5 | 0.7, 3.0 | 1.5 | 0.7, 3.2 |
| Maternal gastrointestinal medication use | ||||
| Any 1st trimester exposure | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.2 |
| No exposure during pregnancy | Reference | Reference | ||
| Maternal alcohol use | ||||
| Any 1st trimester exposure | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.2 |
| No exposure during pregnancy | Reference | Reference | ||
| Maternal marijuana use | ||||
| Any 1st trimester exposure | 1.6 | 0.8, 3.2 | 1.8 | 0.9, 3.8 |
| No exposure during pregnancy | Reference | Reference | ||
| Maternal smoking/second-hand cigarette smoke exposure | ||||
| Any smoking or second-hand smoke exposure during 1st trimester | 1.3 | 0.8, 2.0 | 1.3 | 0.8, 2.1 |
| Second-hand exposure only during 1st trimester | 1.7 | 1.0, 2.6 | 2.0 | 1.2, 3.2 |
| No smoke exposure during pregnancy | Reference | Reference | ||
| Second-hand cigarette smoke exposure at home**** | ||||
| Any 1st trimester exposure | 2.1 | 1.2, 3.9 | 2.2 | 1.1, 4.4 |
| No exposure during pregnancy | Reference | Reference | ||
| Second-hand cigarette smoke exposure at work or school***** | ||||
| Any 1st trimester exposure | 1.6 | 0.8, 3.1 | 1.8 | 0.9, 3.6 |
| No exposure during pregnancy | Reference | Reference | ||
| Any fertility treatment | ||||
| Yes | 1.2 | 0.6, 2.5 | 0.9 | 0.4, 2.0 |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Maternal use of ART | ||||
| Yes | 2.0 | 0.6, 6.5 | 1.2 | 0.3, 4.9 |
| No use of any fertility treatment | Reference | Reference | ||
| Paternal age at delivery (years) | ||||
| <20 | 1.0 | 0.4, 2.3 | 1.6 | 0.6, 4.3 |
| 20–34 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 35–39 | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.9 | 1.4 | 0.8, 2.3 |
| ≥40 | 1.8 | 1.1, 2.9 | 1.9 | 1.0, 3.5 |
| 1st Degree family history of CHDs | ||||
| Yes | 4.6 | 2.1, 10.0 | 4.1 | 1.8, 9.5 |
| No | Reference | Reference | ||
| Season of conception | ||||
| Spring | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.6 |
| Summer | Reference | Reference | ||
| Fall | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.6, 1.7 |
| Winter | 1.2 | 0.7, 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.7, 1.9 |
| Infant sex | ||||
| Male | Reference | Reference | ||
| Female | 1.2 | 0.8, 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.9, 1.8 |
| Birth plurality | ||||
| Singleton | Reference | Reference | ||
| Multiple | 1.5 | 0.7, 3.5 | 1.6 | 0.7, 3.6 |
| Year of birth | ||||
| 1997–2001 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.6, 1.4 |
| 2002–2006 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.5, 1.2 |
| 2007–2011 | Reference | Reference |
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index; CHDs = congenital heart defects; ART = assisted reproductive technology
All adjusted models include the following variables: maternal age at delivery, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, family history of CHDs, season of conception, maternal marijuana use, paternal age at delivery, and birth year
Also adjusted for anti-hypertensive medication use during pregnancy
Also adjusted for gastrointestinal medication use during pregnancy
Excluding women reporting smoking during pregnancy, second-hand smoke exposure at work, or second-hand smoke exposure at home outside of 1st trimester
Excluding women reporting smoking during pregnancy, working from home, second-hand smoke exposure at home, or second-hand smoke exposure at work outside of 1st trimester.