Table 1:
Characteristics of Low Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients Undergoing Recommended vs. Overuse of Surveillance
| Recommended Surveillance (n = 283) |
Overuse of Surveillance (n = 852) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patient Factors | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 76 (7) | 76 (6) | 0.816* |
| Male Sex**, n (%) | >272 (99) | 841 (99) | 1.000Λ |
| Race, n (%) | 0.078Λ | ||
| White | >228 (82) | >727 (85) | |
| African-American | 18 (6) | 60 (7) | |
| Asian** | <11 (1) | <11 (1) | |
| Hispanic** | <11 (1) | 12 (1) | |
| Native American** | <11 (1) | <11 (1) | |
| Unlisted | 26 (9) | 39 (5) | |
| Year of Diagnosis, n (%) | 0.005† | ||
| 2005 | 15 (5) | 93 (11) | |
| 2006 | 20 (7) | 102 (12) | |
| 2007 | 36 (13) | 109 (13) | |
| 2008 | 45 (16) | 131 (15) | |
| 2009 | 49 (17) | 138 (16) | |
| 2010 | 66 (23) | 136 (16) | |
| 2011 | 52 (18) | 143 (17) | |
| Number of Comorbidities§, n (%) | 0.081† | ||
| 0 | 49 (17) | 124 (15) | |
| 1 | 57 (20) | 208 (24) | |
| 2 | 59 (21) | 217 (25) | |
| 3 or more | 118 (42) | 303 (36) | |
| Household Income ($), | 44,750 | 45,927 | 0.454‡ |
| median (IQR) | (38,333–63,050) | (36,704–60,235) | |
| Patient Rurality, n (%) | 0.827† | ||
| Urban | 158 (56) | 482 (57) | |
| Rural | 125 (44) | 370 (43) | |
| Distance to Facility (miles), | 28 (11–58) | 29 (11–63) | 0.643‡ |
| median (IQR) | |||
| Provider Factors | |||
| Provider Age (years), mean (SD) | 0.477† | ||
| <40 | 38 (13) | 100 (12) | |
| ≥40 and <50 | 43 (15) | 116 (14) | |
| ≥50 and <60 | 53 (19) | 173 (20) | |
| ≥60 | 91 (32) | 250 (29) | |
| Unlisted | 58 (20) | 213 (25) | |
| Provider Sex, n (%) | 0.066† | ||
| Male | 217 (77) | 604 (71) | |
| Female | 23 (8) | 64 (8) | |
| Unlisted | 43 (15) | 184 (22) | |
| Facility Factors | |||
| Facility Size||, median (IQR) | 150 (106–218) | 150 (93–199) | 0.157‡ |
| Number of Urologists¶, mean (SD) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.821* |
| Facility Rurality, n (%) | 0.989† | ||
| Urban | 264 (93) | 795 (93) | |
| Rural | 19 (7) | 57 (7) | |
| Complexity Level#, n (%) | 0.251† | ||
| 1a [most complex] | 131 (46) | 365 (43) | |
| 1b | 44 (16) | 110 (13) | |
| 1c | 28 (10) | 124 (15) | |
| 2 | 68 (24) | 211 (25) | |
| 3 [least complex] | 12 (4) | 42 (5) |
Abbreviation: SD, Standard Deviation | IQR, Interquartile Range
Percentages may not add to 100 due to rounding.
Two-Sample t-Test
Fisher’s Exact Test
Chi-Square Test
Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
Number of Comorbidities measured by the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index
Facility Size measured by number of operating beds in fiscal year 2008
Number of Urologists measured by full-time equivalents in fiscal year 2010
Complexity level as defined by the VA National Surgery Office. The complexity level reflects the complexity of surgical procedures that can be performed at each facility.
Exact numbers <11 not reported to protect patient confidentiality