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editorial

. 2019 May 20;10(9):628–630. doi: 10.1007/s13238-019-0628-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

PMC Copyright notice

Systematic biomedical research of the NASA Twins Study. Study design, experimental information and classification of the putative health risks for future human spaceflight. This study lasted over 25 months, including time points before (preflight), 0–6 month flight (early flight), 7–12 month flight (late flight) and after (postflight) spaceflight. TW (flight subject), HR (ground subject). This risk classification is of great significance for the disease risk estimations of astronauts in spaceflight