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. 2019 Aug 27;10:3865. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-11676-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Maintenance phase of energy storage. Stationary concentrations and free energy difference from equilibrium in the maintenance phase of energy storage as a function of the chemical potential difference between fuel and waste. The vertical dotted line denotes the value $F_{fuel} = 7.5 \cdot R T$ used to study the charging phase in Fig. 2