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. 2019 Aug 27;9:12415. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48218-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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VimKO mice demonstrate changed expression of VSMC phenotypic markers in remodeling arteries. Arterial remodeling and expression of VSMC phenotype specific markers in VimWT and VimKO mice were analysed by immunostaining and Q-PCR of isolated VimWT and VimKO carotid arteries after ligation. (A) Smooth muscle actin (αSMA) staining is reduced in VimKO carotid arteries 4 weeks after carotid ligation. (B–D) Analyses of expression of αSMA, MMP9 and elastin in VimWT and VimKO mice. Expression of αSMA and elastin was reduced and expression of MMP9 was increased in the contralateral VimKO artery 4 weeks after ligation. ANOVA was used for statistical analyses, followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparisons post hoc test to identify the differing groups. Data is presented as the mean ± SD, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.