Table 3. Comparison between the ‘responders’ and the ‘nonresponders’.
| Variable | Responders (patients 1, 7, 13) | Nonresponders (patients 5, 9, 14) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 0 | Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 0 | Week 4 | Week 8 | |
| Age, yr | 56 (57–73) | 59 (57–61) | ||||
| Male sex | 2 (66.7) | 3 (100) | ||||
| DM duration, yr | 13 (12–14) | 16 (10–19) | ||||
| HbA1c, %a | 7.8 (7.0–7.9) | 8.2 (8.1–8.6) | ||||
| Metformin, mg/day | 1,000 (1,000–1,700) | 850 (850–2,000) | ||||
| Glimepiride, mg/day | 6 (2–6) | 4 (1–6) | ||||
| HTN | 1 (33.3) | 1 (33.3) | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.8 (19.2–28.0) | 25.4 (20–27.4) | 25.2 (20.2–27.7) | 26.6 (26.6–33.2) | 26.6 (26.4–32.7) | 26.8 (26.2–32.3) |
| SBP, mm Hg | 136 (124–155) | 144 (121–149) | 127 (110–171) | 133 (128–151) | 131 (122–154) | 140 (112–144) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 85 (74–88) | 89 (76–92) | 84 (67–103) | 89 (87–93) | 91 (68–93) | 79 (65–83) |
| FPG, mg/dL | 150 (142–232) | 148 (133–243) | 172 (162–201) | 170 (117–217) | 167 (161–278) | 191 (154–218) |
| Insulin, μIU/mL | 4.1 (4.0–13.1) | 3.9 (3.5–11.6) | 4.2 (1.0–10.1) | 5.6 (4.1–8.4) | 8.3 (6.1–9.5) | 7.0 (3.8–9.8) |
| C-peptide, ng/mL | 1.7 (1.3–4.3) | 1.6 (1.5–4.3) | 2.1 (1.3–4.2) | 2.1 (2.0–2.8) | 2.2 (2.2–2.9) | 2.3 (2.3–3.3) |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 135 (130–221) | 171 (144–215) | 151 (145–245) | 158 (158–158) | 185 (183–189) | 188 (171–190) |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 86 (67–159) | 136 (109–169) | 102 (102–151) | 97 (89–151) | 101 (90–203) | 88 (84–242) |
| HDL, mg/dL | 62 (30–65) | 60 (32–65) | 63 (41–76) | 48 (44–48) | 53 (52–56) | 54 (43–55) |
| LDL, mg/dL | 81 (58–149) | 91 (86–144) | 80 (74–158) | 96 (94–101) | 131 (109–134) | 128 (99–131) |
| Carbohydrate, g/day | 248.6 (216.4–288.8) | 245.6 (220.6–312.9) | 285.5 (254.7–367.1)a | 278.0 (218–285.5) | 262.1 (219.9–342.3) | 227.6 (200.5–238.5)a |
| Fat, g/day | 44 (25.4–87.1) | 45.6 (24.4–45.6) | 51.4 (18.6–64.8) | 45.9 (32.1–54.1) | 52.0 (39.6–60.5) | 31.5 (15.6–50.4) |
| Fiber, g/day | 32.6 (14.8–33.2) | 32.9 (16.4–34.6) | 33.6 (18.1–39.1) | 22.5 (21–31.9) | 21.6 (21.3–23.1) | 21.6 (13.1–22.8) |
| Insulinogenic index | 0.09 (0.05–0.15) | 0.06 (0.06–0.16) | 0.08 (0.04–0.14) | 0.18 (0.17–0.36) | 0.15 (0.10–0.48) | 0.20 (0.15–0.61) |
| QUICKI | 0.36 (0.29–0.36) | 0.37 (0.29–0.37) | 0.35 (0.30–0.46) | 0.35 (0.31–0.36) | 0.31 (0.30–0.33) | 0.33 (0.30–0.35) |
| Matsuda index | 5.02 (2.00–5.55) | 5.59 (2.24–6.86) | 4.22 (2.99–12.88) | 4.11 (2.45–6.99) | 2.41 (1.97–4.37) | 2.54 (2.41–5.62) |
| HOMA2-IR | 0.60 (0.58–2.10) | 0.56 (0.51–1.84) | 0.63 (0.15–1.55) | 0.78 (0.61–1.32) | 1.39 (0.90–1.49) | 1.02 (0.58–1.52) |
| Disposition index | 0.49 (0.10–0.77) | 0.43 (0.14–0.87) | 0.57 (0.12–1.00) | 1.27 (0.41–1.47) | 0.42 (0.35–0.94) | 0.83 (0.48–1.55) |
| Glycoalbumin, % | 18.8 (17.0–28.9) | 18.4 (16.1–26.6) | 18.5 (17–25.4) | 19.8 (14.9–26.8) | 20.2 (15.1–25.0) | 21.4 (14.8–23.9) |
| LPS (log) | 92.8 (36.6–524.5) | 81.4 (19.3–453.8) | 92.1 (20.0–362.9) | 69.3 (42.4–606.4) | 62.7 (57.3–596.8) | 95.3 (47.2–600.0) |
Values are presented as median (range) or number (%).
DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HTN, hypertension; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; HOMA2-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance model 2; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.
aFor comparing ‘responders’ and ‘nonresponders’ at each week, the Mann-Whitney U test was adopted. Only HbA1c at week 0 and carbohydrate consumption at week 8 showed statistical significance (P<0.05). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare values of each week in the ‘responders’ and the ‘nonresponders,’ respectively. All analyses showed no statistically significant difference.