Table 1.

Conclusion and recommendations

Recommendations	Level of evidences	Grade of recommendation
Diagnosis
MRI is essential to obtain a definite preoperative diagnosis of glioma	Ⅱb	B
Pathological evaluation for glioma should be performed according to 2016 WHO classification	Ⅰa	A
Special attention should be paid to the IDH1 mutation status	Ⅱa	B
Seizure type should be classified according to the 2017 ILAE guidelines	Ⅰa	A
AEDs
The administration of AEDs should be initiated as soon as possible after a definite seizure	Expert consensus	For reference
Hepatic enzyme‐inducing AEDs should be avoided for patients undergoing chemotherapy	Ⅰb	A
LEV and VPA are recommended for the monotherapy of GRE patients	Ⅰb	A
Polytherapy with VPA and LEV can be more effective when monotherapy is unsatisfactory	Ⅱb	B
For patients with preoperative GRE, early postoperative AED application is generally acquired	Expert consensus	For reference
For patients without preoperative GRE, prophylactic AEDs is acquired for high‐risk subgroups	Expert consensus	For reference
The timing of AED withdrawal should be carefully considered (see 2.1, paragraph 4)	Expert consensus	For reference
Surgery and management of intraoperative and early postoperative epilepsy
Maximal safe resection is helpful to improve postoperative seizure control	Ⅱa	B
Intraoperative electrocorticography is recommended for LGG patients with refractory GRE	Ⅱb	B
Irrigating the cortex with ice‐cold Ringer's solution or saline is useful to control intraoperative seizures	Ⅳ	C
Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and other treatments
Radiotherapy has a significant effect on inhibiting GRE	Ⅱa	B
Chemotherapy is also effective for the control of GRE	Ⅱa	B

AEDs, antiepileptic drugs; GRE, glioma‐related epilepsy; ILAE, International league against epilepsy; LEV, levetiracetam; LGG, low‐grade gliomas; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; VPA, valproic acid.