Table 4.
Bivariate association between independent variables and quality of life domains
| Characteristics | Category | Diabetes control [Mean (SD)] | Anxiety and worry [Mean (SD)] | Social burden [Mean (SD)] | Sexual functioning [Mean (SD)] | Energy and mobility [Mean (SD)] | Overall QoL [Mean (SD)] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agea | 0.170 | 0.063 | 0.063 | - 0.422 | - 0.306 | 0.170 | |
| P-value | 0.874 | 0.532 | 0.388 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.073 | |
| Sex | Male | 52.08 (11.26) | 51.21 (12.69) | 50.04 (9.26) | 52.46 (11.42) | 54.36 (13.02) | 52.53 (10.33) |
| Female | 50.40 (10.61) | 52.63 (11.53) | 53.54 (10.05) | 51.11 (9.44) | 50.42 (11.03) | 51.48 (12.42) | |
| P-value | 0.543 | 0.086 | 0.342 | 0.002 | 0.634 | 0.743 | |
| Ethnicity | Dalit/Janajati | 50.42 (9.28) | 52.83 (10.63) | 56.33 (8.68) | 53.06 (11.54) | 51.22 (10.34) | 54.38 (10.06) |
| Madeshi | 51.13 (7.42) | 53.54 (9.56) | 55.42 (12.34) | 50.28 (9.84) | 54.79 (12.02) | 49.64 (12.33) | |
| Muslim | 54.23 (11.64) | 52.12 (11.62) | 50.12 (9.63) | 51.62 (12.43) | 53.11 (10.44) | 52.73 (9.23) | |
| Brahmin/Chhetry | 53.22 (10.04) | 54.67 (8.45) | 51.62 (11.24) | 52.43 (14.56) | 50.45 (11.84) | 53.61 (8.86) | |
| P-value | 0.726 | 0.541 | 0.823 | 0.431 | 0.562 | 0.312 | |
| Family Type | Single | 57.06 (5.66) | 53.45 (6.37) | 51.36 (11.41) | 53.51 (8.62) | 55.97 (10.36) | 54.21 (8.33) |
| Joint | 54.42 (8.96) | 56.21 (10.46) | 52.13 (12.44) | 57.62 (6.12) | 52.63 (11.25) | 54.37 (6.39) | |
| P-value | 0.063 | 0.126 | 0.078 | 0.643 | 0.563 | 0.052 | |
| Socio-economic status | Upper/Upper middle | 57.42 (9.12) | 53.48 (8.44) | 56.44 (7.23) | 59.36 (9.87) | 57.56 (11.02) | 56.12 (12.93) |
| Middle/ lower middle | 54.21 (10.48) | 55.87 (10.36) | 57.76 (11.14) | 58.78 (14.54) | 56.45 (11.07) | 55.39 (9.63) | |
| Lower/upper lower | 51.62 (8.41) | 50.13 (9.36) | 58.37 (9.87) | 56.47 (11.47) | 53.22 (7.63) | 49.35 (12.67) | |
| P-value | 0.816 | 0.236 | 0.479 | 0.973 | 0.643 | 0.622 | |
| Educational status | Literate | 55.62 (7.66) | 58.63 (9.47) | 58.78 (11.36) | 53.24 (12.49) | 51.33 (7.36) | 49.35 (12.67) |
| Illiterate | 57.23 (6.83) | 55.44 (7.43) | 58.63 (12.36) | 50.41 (9.57) | 51.18 (7.72) | 53.56 (8.31) | |
| P-value | 0.021 | 0.073 | 0.057 | 0.082 | 0.078 | 0.067 | |
| Smoking habit | Yes | 53.79 (12.43) | 58.72 (11.21) | 53.46 (15.78) | 50.44 (13.61) | 52.47 (9.35) | 55.87 (9.92) |
| No | 54.37 (11.68) | 50.12 (13.47) | 49.37 (9.87) | 55.46 (10.47) | 51.25 (11.53) | 54.29 (10.41) | |
| P-value | 0.237 | 0.649 | 0.985 | 0.583 | 0.038 | 0.732 | |
| Alcohol consumption | Yes | 58.47 (8.63) | 51.06 (9.31) | 54.75 (6.72) | 50.08 (7.31) | 55.74 (10.44) | 48.35 (11.25) |
| No | 53.67 (12.31) | 57.58 (11.04) | 49.08 (12.93) | 54.21 (10.47) | 57.09 (9.81) | 54.37 (7.74) | |
| P-value | 0.421 | 0.513 | 0.435 | 0.916 | 0.541 | 0.671 | |
| Duration of disease | < 5 years | 58.42 (13.42) | 59.32 (12.44) | 51.76 (10.57) | 57.39 (15.09) | 50.07 (14.11) | 57.23 (10.73) |
| ≥5 years | 50.51 (7.83) | 48.63 (9.43) | 54.03 (12.09) | 53.02 (11.72) | 54.44 (10.66) | 53.03 (9.13) | |
| P-value | 0.002 | 0.078 | 0.063 | 0.001 | 0.088 | 0.059 | |
| Presence of co-morbidity | Yes | 55.96 (12.47) | 50.31 (13.77) | 52.77 (10.29) | 54.67 (10.38) | 51.38 (9.67) | 54.78 (11.41) |
| No | 58.63 (8.33) | 54.67 (9.47) | 53.38 (18.34) | 55.39 (15.09) | 56.74 (11.38) | 48.43 (12.07) | |
| P-value | 0.042 | 0.057 | 0.034 | 0.051 | 0.073 | 0.081 | |
| Presence of complication | Yes | 57.38 (12.61) | 55.08 (9.42) | 59.02 (10.05) | 49.06 (11.23) | 57.04 (15.68) | 50.78 (13.47) |
| No | 54.14 (14.33) | 53.81 (9.37) | 51.21 (8.53) | 50.51 (9.59) | 55.09 (11.14) | 53.35 (10.67) | |
| P-value | 0.344 | 0.516 | 0.734 | 0.819 | 0.547 | 0.539 | |
| Family history of diabetes | Yes | 55.79 (7.04) | 51.72 (12.54) | 55.37 (13.09) | 53.48 (11.57) | 51.73 (12.22) | 51.43 (13.46) |
| No | 49.37 (9.57) | 55.76 (10.13) | 56.43 (10.35) | 56.27 (13.47) | 52.94 (12.17) | 49.03 (11.63) | |
| P-value | 0.573 | 0.042 | 0.874 | 0.071 | 0.439 | 0.563 |
aPearson’s correlation