Table 1.
Characteristics of the articles on gestational diabetes in obese and overweight women
| Participants | Study characteristic | Out comes | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, year, Country | Group No. | Mean age | BMI | Participant | Ges.Age | History | Typ | *D.M-GDM | Setting | Intervention | Neonate | GDM N (%) | OR (CI 95%) P-value |
| Kirsti Krohn Garnæs (2016) Norway [27] |
Int: 46 Con: 45 |
31.3 ± 3.8 31.4 ± 4.7 |
33.9 ± 3.8 35.1 ± 4.6 |
NP* and MP* |
Baseline 12–18 weeks Late pregnancy 34–37 |
– | Clinical trial (RCT) | Based on the IADPSG | Trondheim University Hospital | The exercise group was offered thrice weekly supervised sessions of 35 min of moderate intensity endurance exercise and 25 min of strength training Women received Standard Care Controls | – |
2 (6.1) 9 (27.3) |
0.1 (0.02–0.95) 0.04 |
| Ruben Barakat (2013) Spain [28] |
Int: 255 Cont:255 |
31 ± 3 31 ± 4 |
24.1 ± 4.1 23.7 ± 3.8 |
NP and MP | 10–12 weeks | – | RCT | WHO criteria and IADPSG | Centro de Los Pedroches and Centro de Salud Leganés Norte, Leganés, Madrid |
Moderate-intensity resistance and aerobic exercises (three times/week, 50–55 min/session) Women in control group received the routine care |
Apgar score 1 min Apgar score 5 min Birth weight (g) Gestational age (days) Cesarean delivery (n, %) |
41 (19.5) 61 (28) 29 (13.8) 32 (14.7) |
0.98 (0.40–0.62) 0.040 Based on WHO criteria 0.797 IADPSG criteria |
| Niamh Daly (2017) Ireland [29] |
Int:44 Cont:44 |
30.0 ± 5.1 29.4 ± 8.4 |
34.7 ± 4.6 34.7 ± 5.1 |
NP | less Than 17 weeks | – | RCT | Based on the IADPSG |
Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin |
50–60 min of exercise: warm-up, resistance or weights, aerobic exercises, and cool-down. All women received routine prenatal care |
Birth weight (g) Gestation at birth (week) Gestation at birth (week) Apgar scores |
25 (58.8) 21 (48.8) |
P = 0.51 |
| Oostdam (2012) Netherlands [30] |
Int: 59 Cont: 62 |
30.8 ± 5.2 30.1 ± 5.4 |
33 ± 3.7 33.9 ± 5.6 |
NP and MP | After 20 weeks | History of macrosomia OR history of GDM; OR first-grade relative with T2D | RCT | Based on the IADPSG | VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam |
The intervention group twice weekly exercises for 60 min Training consisted of aerobic and strength exercises |
Gestational age Birthweight, g Caesarean section, % (n) GDM, % (n) |
7 (14.6) 11 (21.6) |
0.27 (1.55–0.65) 0.37 |
| Chen Wang (2016) China [32] |
Int: 133 Cont: 132 |
32.14 ± 4.57 32.50 ± 4.91 |
26.82 ± 2.76 26.75 ± 2.75 |
NP and MP | < 12 + 6 weeks | – | RCT | Based on the IADPSG | Peking University first hospital | The women in the intervention group performed exercises for 50 min three times a week and in a hospital under the supervision of one of the researchers until the end of the week of 37 weeks of pregnancy | Gestational age, Apgar score, birthweight, Apgar score |
29 (22) 54 (40.6) |
0.412 (0.240–0.705) 0.001 |
| David Simmons (2016) New Zealand, UK, Austria, Poland, Italy, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands Australia [34] |
439 Healthy eating N: 113 Physical activity N: 110 HE&PA: 108 Usual care: 105 |
Age total: 32.0 ± 5.4 | 33.7 ± 4.0 | NP and MP | < 20 weeks | History of GDM |
The DALI Lifestyle Study RCT |
Based on the IADPSG | Antenatal clinics a cross 11 centers in 9 European counteries | Interventions start from 20 weeks and up and continue until the 35th week. Both aerobic and resistance physical activity (frequency, intensity, time, type) based on ACOG | Birth weight, gestational age |
99 (21.9) 100 (19) |
1.21 (0.55–2.67) 0.05 > P |
| Seneviratn (2016) New Zealand [33] |
Int: 37 Cont: 38 |
– |
32.4 ± 4.6 34.5 ± 6.2 |
NP and MP | From 20 weeks | – | RCT | – | Home-based intervention in Auckland | In this study, individuals in the intervention group performed moderate-intensity home-based exercise programs from week 20 to 35 in moderate intensity three to five times a week, and each time for 15 to 15 min using a steady-state magnetic bicycle |
Gestational age (days) Birth weight (g) Occipito-frontal circumference (cm) Ponderal index (g/cm3) BMI at birth (kg/m2) Placental weight (g) Apgar score Hypoglycaemia Respiratory distress |
4 (11) 2 (5) |
2.1 (0.3–12.8) P = 0.432 |
| Leonie, Callawa, Fracp Australia [31] |
Int: 25 Cont: 25 |
– | – | NP and MP | 12 weeks’ gestation and followed to delivery | – | Pilot randomized controlled trial | Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society criteria were used for the diagnosis and management of GDM | Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital | Exercise for the intervention group with the goal of energy consumption up to 900 kcal/week | – |
3 (12) 5 (23) 0 (0) 3 (16) |
0.07 12 weeks 0.57 28 weeks 0.07 12 weeks 0.57 28 weeks |
D.M-GDM*: diagnostic method for GDM; NP*: Nulipara; MP*: multipara