Table 4.

Risk factors for food insecurity in single older adults

Risk factors	Odds ratio	95% Confidence interval
Economic indices
Housing fee (%expenditure)	1.021	1.008	1.034
Food environmental indices
Food purchasing at super supermarketa	0.398	0.166	0.951
Having difficulties in food purchasing due to food stores far from homea	14.487	5.139	40.842
Non-purchasing of foodsb	5.946	1.659	21.311
Having difficulties in food purchasing due to inconvenience bus routea	0.083	0.015	0.460

Odds ratios and 95% confidence limits of risk factors for households’ food insecurity

Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression analysis was used and independent variables included all the variables listed as demographic, economic (%proportion for expenditure), and food environment characteristics. A stepwise approach was applied to select the most explainable risk factors in the model (α = 0.15)

^a Reference group was subjects who responded “no” to the question

^b Reference group was subjects who purchased foods without difficulties in food purchasing due to food stores far from home