Table 2. Summary of COPUS observations for 31 undergraduate biology sections.

Classroom activities	abbreviation	mean ± standard deviation of percentage of class time	n sections in which activity occurred
Student activity
Listening to instructor/taking notes, etc.	S-L	85.21 ± 12.41	31
Individual thinking/problem solving	S-Ind	4.17 ± 6.14	16
Discuss clicker question in groups of 2 or more	S-CG	14.07 ± 11.69	26
Working in groups on worksheet activity	S-WG	5.27 ± 8.69	10
Other assigned group activity	S-OG	15.34 ± 11.75	26
Any type of student group work	S-GW	33.20 ± 17.66	29
Student answering a question	S-AnQ	26.50 ± 12.41	30
Student asks question	S-Q	14.28 ± 9.42	30
Engaged in whole class discussion	SWC	1.45 ± 4.35	8
Making a prediction	S-Prd	0.04 ± 0.23	1
Presentation by student(s)	S-P	0.22 ± 1.20	1
Test or quiz	S-TQ	NA	0
Waiting	S-W	1.08 ± 1.88	12
Other	S-O	1.96 ± 2.70	16
Instructor activity
Lecturing	I-Lec	53.47 ± 23.54	31
Real-time writing on board, projector, etc.	I-RtW	14.46 ± 15.80	22
Follow-up/feedback to entire class	I-FUp	36.67 ± 17.69	30
Posing non-clicker question to students (non-rhetorical)	I-PQ	31.10 ± 14.97	30
Asking a clicker question	I-CQ	17.52 ± 12.86	27
Answering student question with entire class listening	I-AnQ	15.21 ± 9.10	30
Moving through class and guiding ongoing student work during active learning task	I-MG	14.69 ± 10.12	28
One-on-one extended discussion with one or a few individuals	I-1o1	2.01 ± 4.14	11
Showing a demo, experiment, simulation, video or animation	I-DV	3.71 ± 4.53	21
Administration	I-Adm	6.79 ± 3.56	31
Waiting	I-W	3.03 ± 4.29	18
Other	I-O	3.15 ± 3.49	21

Codes that begin with S or I are ‘students doing’ and ‘instructor doing’ codes, respectively. All definitions are from [12], with the exception of student group work (S- GW). Mean percentage of 2-minute intervals were calculated using means per class section. Activities in bold were retained for further analysis.