(A) Survival of locusts after topical inoculation with 5 μl of 0.05% Tween-80 containing 1×108 conidia ml-1 of wild type, ΔMaChsIII, ΔMaChsV and ΔMaChsVII mutants. (B) The mean 50% lethality time (LT50) by topical inoculation of wild type and ΔMaChsIII, ΔMaChsV mutants. (C) Survival of locusts after injection with 5 μl of sterile water containing 1×106 conidia m-1 of wild type and ΔMaChsIII, ΔMaChsV, ΔMaChsVII mutants. (D) The mean 50% lethality time (LT50) by injection of wild type and ΔMaChsIII, ΔMaChsV, ΔMaChsVII mutants. A single asterisk above bars denotes significant difference, P < 0.05; double asterisks above bars denote significant difference, P < 0.01. ns indicates no significant difference, P > 0.05. Error bars indicate standard errors of three trials.