Table 1. Summary of the impact of health insurance on utilisation, financial protection, and health outcomes.
| QUEENS* score and GRADE | Utilisation (N = 40) | Financial protection† (N = 46) | Health status (N = 12) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive effect | No effect | Negative effect | Total | Positive effect | No effect | Negative effect | Total | Positive effect | No effect | Negative effect | Total | |
| 3 and Moderate | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 3 and Low | 6 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2 and Low | 15 | 3 | 0 | 18 | 15 | 8 | 1 | 24 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
| 1 and Low | 10 | 3 | 0 | 13 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Total | 32 | 7 | 1 | 40 | 25 | 17 | 4 | 46 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 12 |
* QUEENS score: 1 = high risk of bias; 2 = moderate risk; 3 = low risk; GRADE score: Low = low quality; Moderate = moderate quality; High = high quality
† Positive effect for financial protection means that health insurance decreases out-of-pocket health expenditure or reduces the event of catastrophic health expenditure