Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of 423 community-supervised youths ages 12–18 and their caregivers and families.

Characteristic	N	%
Youth
Age
Mean±SD	423	14.6±.1.5
Psychiatric Symptoms
No	217	51
Yes	206	49
Sex
Male	226	53
Female	193	46
Other (nonbinary)	4	1
Race/Ethnicity
non-Hispanic White	127	30
non-Hispanic Black, African
American, or Hattian	33	8
non-Hispanic Othera	17	4
non-Hispanic Mixed or Multi-Racial	65	15
Hispanic	181	43
Mother Figure in House
No	34	8
Yes	389	92
Father Figure in House
No	214	51
Yes	209	49
Attends Special Education Classes
No	311	74
Yes	112	27
Has an Individualized Education Plan
No	281	66
Yes	142	34
Has Health Insurance
No	25	6
Yes	398	94
Has a Primary Care Provider
No	37	9
Yes	386	91
Caregiver
Age
Mean±SD	423	41.1±7.2
Sex
Male	56	13
Female	367	87
Race/Ethnicity
non-Hispanic White	176	42
non-Hispanic Black, African
American, or Hattian	36	9
non-Hispanic Othera	26	6
non-Hispanic Mixed or Multi-Racial	38	9
Hispanic	147	35
US Born
No	131	31
Yes	292	69
Education level
some high school	123	29
high school grad	81	19
some college	125	30
college grad or higher	94	22
Marital status
not married	306	72
married	116	27
Employment status
Not employed	220	52
Employed	203	48
Receives public assistance
No	149	35
Yes	274	65
Receives disability funds
No	337	80
Yes	86	20
History of a Psychiatric Disorder
No	289	68
Yes	134	32
Positive Caregiver-Adolescent Communication Score
Mean±SDb	422	37.7±8.0
Negative Caregiver-Adolescent Communication Score
Mean±SDb	421	26.6±8.0
Family
Family size (N of children)
1	109	26
2	125	30
>=3	189	45
Household income
<= 10,000	86	20
10,000 – 49,999	271	64
>=50,000	66	16
General Family Functioning Score
Mean±SDc	406	3.3 ±.55
Youths’ use of psychiatric services in past 4 monthsd
No	272	64
Yes	151	36
# Barriers to Youth’s Psychiatric Servicesa Use
0	336	79
1	53	13
>= 2	34	8

^aIncludes Asian, American Indian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, or other nonspecified race.

^bPossible scores range from 10 to 50, with higher scores indicating more positive or more negative communication. Results were missing for 1 youth on the positive scale and 2 youths on the negative scale.

^cAssessed with the general family functioning scale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device. Possible scores range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating better functioning. Results were missing for 17 youths.

^dUse of psychiatric medications or receipt of care from any of the following: psychiatric inpatient unit, inpatient alcohol or drug treatment unit or detoxification unit, day hospital or partial hospitalization, outpatient drug or alcohol clinic, mental health center for psychiatric or mental health problems, private professional help from a psychiatrist or psychologist, or private professional help from a social worker or psychiatric nurse.