Table 2.

Use of psychiatric services in the past 4 months by 423 community-supervised youths ages 12–18, by youth, caregiver, and family characteristics^a

Characteristic	Used Psychiatrica Services		p-value
	N	%
Total Sample	151	36
Youth
Age
Mean±SD	151	14.5±1.51
Psychiatric Symptoms
No	39	18	<.001
Yes	112	54
Sex
Other (nonbinary)	1	25
Male	76	34	.546
Female	74	38
Race/Ethnicity
non-Hispanic White	60	47	<.001
non-Hispanic Black, African American, or Hattian	4	12
non-Hispanic Othera	5	29
non-Hispanic Mixed or Multi-Racial	21	32
Hispanic	61	34
Mother Figure in House
No	19	56	.010
Yes	132	34
Father Figure in House
No	77	36	.902
Yes	74	35
Attends Special Education Classes
No	95	31	<.001
Yes	56	50
Has an Individualized Education Plan
No	80	29	<.001
Yes	71	50
Has Health Insurance
No	8	32	.691
Yes	143	36
Has a Primary Care Provider
No	12	32	.664
Yes	139	36
Caregiver
Age	151	42.5±7.9
Mean±SD
Sex
Male	21	38	.762
Female	130	35
Race/Ethnicity
non-Hispanic White	81	46	<.001
non-Hispanic Black, African American, or Hattian	5	14
non-Hispanic Othera	3	12
non-Hispanic Mixed or Multi-Racial	12	32
Hispanic	50	34
US Born
No	40	31	.138
Yes	111	38
Education level
some high school	35	29	.132
high school grad	28	35
some college	47	38
college grad or higher	41	44
Marital status
not married	107	35	.645
married	44	38
Employment status
Not employed	71	32	.126
Employed	80	35
Receives public assistance
No	55	37	.700
Yes	96	35
Receives disability funds
No	113	34	.066
Yes	38	44
History of a Psychiatric Disorder
No	72	25	<.001
Yes	79	59
Negative Communication Mean Score (N=150)
<36 (less negative)	117	32	.001
>=36 (more negative)	33	55
Positive Communication Mean Score (N=149)
<36 (less positive)	62	42	.045
>=36 (more positive)	88	32
Family
Family size (#kids)
1	51	47	.004
2	47	38
>=3	83	28
Household income
<= 10,000	31	38	.162
10,000 – 49,999	83	32
> 50,000	28	44
General Family Functioning Mean Score (N=143)
< 3 (lower functioning)	54	51	<.001
>=3 (higher functioning)	89	30

^aUse of psychiatric medications or receipt of care from any of the following: psychiatric inpatient unit, inpatient alcohol or drug treatment unit or detoxification unit, day hospital or partial hospitalization, outpatient drug or alcohol clinic, mental health center for psychiatric or mental health problems, private professional help from a psychiatrist or psychologist, or private professional help from a social worker or psychiatric nurse.

^bIncludes Asian, American Indian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, or other nonspecified race.

^cPossible scores range from 10 to 50, with higher scores (>=36) indicating more positive or more negative communication.

^dAssessed with the general family functioning scale of the McMaster Family Assessment Device. Possible scores range from 0 to 4, with a score of >=3 indicating higher functioning.