Fig. 4.

NOB activated mitochondrial OXPHOS gene expression and function. Aged mice were fed with regular diet (RD), high-fat (HF) diet, or HF diet with NOB (HF.NOB). a Heat map of pairwise expression comparison for mitochondrial respiration complex genes from RNA-sequencing analysis (n = 3). The z-score indicates the number of SDs away from the mean of expression. b Expression of two mitochondrial complex V genes known to be targets of RORs were restored by NOB (ZT6, n = 11, 10, and 10 for RD, HF, and HF.NOB, respectively; ZT18, n = 9, 8, and 8 for RD, HF, and HF.NOB, respectively). c Oxygen consumption rate (OCR), ATP-linked OCR, and relative reserve capacity in mitochondria isolated from calf muscle after 20 weeks of treatment. Average and representative assay results are shown (ZT6, n = 5, 4, and 5 for RD, HF, and HF.NOB, respectively; ZT18, n = 4). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, one-way ANOVA; #p < 0.05, t-test. Data are presented as mean ± SEM in bar graphs