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. 2019 Aug 28;9:12482. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48981-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Optimization of solar cells with ray-optics based Lambertian light-trapping. The cells are assumed to have same doping profiles as our inverted pyramid PhC IBC solar cell (given by Table 4). The Lambertian cells are assumed to have contact SRV = 10 cm/s and τ_SRH = 10 ms. The Auger recombination is modeled using the improved Auger model of¹¹. For BGN, we use the model illustrated in the “Methods” section. In comparison to a lossless, undoped Lambertian cell with maximum theoretical efficiency of 29.43% and optimum thickness 110 μm¹⁰, inclusion of practical doping profiles, bulk recombination and surface recombination reduces the maximum theoretical efficiency of the Lambertian cell to 28.37% with an optimum thickness of 90 μm. In contrast, our inverted pyramid PhC IBC solar cell with same design parameters achieves 31.07% conversion efficiency with an optimum thickness of 15 μm.