Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of new users of SGLT2 inhibitors and DPP4 inhibitors matched by propensity score, age, sex, and history of major cardiovascular disease in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, from April 2013 to December 2016. Data are number (%) of users unless stated otherwise
| Characteristic | SGLT2 inhibitors (n=20 983) | DPP4 inhibitors (n=20 983) |
|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 12 589 (60) | 12 589 (60) |
| Age, mean (standard deviation) | 61 (10) | 61 (10) |
| Country | ||
| Sweden | 9125 (43) | 9125 (43) |
| Denmark | 5536 (26) | 5536 (26) |
| Norway | 6322 (30) | 6322 (30) |
| Place of birth | ||
| Scandinavia | 17 609 (84) | 17 592 (84) |
| Rest of Europe | 1359 (6) | 1389 (7) |
| Outside Europe | 1988 (9) | 1977 (9) |
| Missing | 27 (<1) | 25 (<1) |
| Civil status | ||
| Married/living with partner | 11 857 (57) | 11 789 (56) |
| Single | 9086 (43) | 9149 (44) |
| Missing | 40 (<1) | 45 (<1) |
| Education | ||
| Primary school/secondary school/vocational training* | 11 522 (79) | 11 519 (79) |
| Short tertiary education | 1116 (8) | 1116 (8) |
| Medium or long tertiary education | 1704 (12) | 1705 (12) |
| Missing | 319 (2) | 321 (2) |
| Year of cohort entry† | ||
| 2013 | 1278 (6) | 3872 (18) |
| 2014 | 4364 (21) | 5292 (25) |
| 2015 | 6081 (29) | 5884 (28) |
| 2016 | 9260 (44) | 5935 (28) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Acute coronary syndrome | 1543 (7) | 1578 (8) |
| Other ischaemic heart disease | 3648 (17) | 3662 (17) |
| Heart failure/cardiomyopathy | 1164 (6) | 1174 (6) |
| Valve disorders | 473 (2) | 477 (2) |
| Stroke | 766 (4) | 745 (4) |
| Other cerebrovascular disease | 873 (4) | 854 (4) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1439 (7) | 1408 (7) |
| Other arrhythmia | 916 (4) | 833 (4) |
| Coronary revascularisation in past year | 284 (1) | 282 (1) |
| Other cardiac surgery or invasive procedure in past year | 127 (1) | 104 (<1) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 795 (4) | 759 (4) |
| Other lung disease | 1448 (7) | 1470 (7) |
| Venous thromboembolism | 471 (2) | 447 (2) |
| Cancer | 1380 (7) | 1406 (7) |
| Liver disease | 425 (2) | 434 (2) |
| Rheumatic disease | 626 (3) | 600 (3) |
| Psychiatric disorder | 2091 (10) | 2120 (10) |
| Fracture in the past year | 346 (2) | 344 (2) |
| Arterial disease (including amputation) | 1331 (6) | 1273 (6) |
| Renal disease | 955 (5) | 909 (4) |
| Diabetic complications | 6169 (29) | 6172 (29) |
| Hospital admissions and outpatient visits in the past year | ||
| Hospital admissions due to cardiovascular causes | 881 (4) | 841 (4) |
| Hospital admissions due to type 2 diabetes | 184 (1) | 180 (1) |
| Hospital admissions due to other causes | 2565 (12) | 2559 (12) |
| Outpatient visits due to cardiovascular causes | 2056 (10) | 1975 (9) |
| Outpatient visits due to type 2 diabetes | 4659 (22) | 4657 (22) |
| Outpatient visits due to other causes | 11 780 (56) | 11 655 (56) |
| Use of diabetes drugs in past six months | ||
| Metformin | 16 540 (79) | 16 659 (79) |
| Sulphonylureas | 4386 (21) | 4376 (21) |
| Insulin | 6636 (32) | 6712 (32) |
| GLP1 receptor agonists | 2143 (10) | 2112 (10) |
| Other diabetes drugs (glitazones, glinides, acarbose) | 654 (3) | 649 (3) |
| No diabetes drug | 1685 (8) | 1672 (8) |
| Time since use of first diabetes drug (years) | ||
| <1 | 2542 (12) | 2532 (12) |
| 1-2 | 2496 (12) | 2559 (12) |
| 3-4 | 2528 (12) | 2567 (12) |
| 5-6 | 2649 (13) | 2578 (12) |
| ≥7 | 10 768 (51) | 10 747 (51) |
| Use other drugs in past year | ||
| ARB/ACE-I | 13 924 (66) | 13 905 (66) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 6250 (30) | 6242 (30) |
| Loop diuretic* | 2114 (14) | 2106 (14) |
| Other diuretic* | 2592 (18) | 2591 (18) |
| β blocker | 7453 (36) | 7411 (35) |
| Digoxin | 397 (2) | 363 (2) |
| Nitrate | 1516 (7) | 1487 (7) |
| Platelet inhibitors | 7643 (36) | 7624 (36) |
| Anticoagulant | 1454 (7) | 1393 (7) |
| Lipid lowering drug | 14 145 (67) | 14 045 (67) |
| Antidepressant | 3261 (16) | 3280 (16) |
| Antipsychotic | 772 (4) | 794 (4) |
| Anxiolytic, hypnotic, or sedative | 3757 (18) | 3727 (18) |
| β2 agonist inhalant | 2009 (10) | 1951 (9) |
| Anticholinergic inhalant | 632 (3) | 592 (3) |
| Glucocorticoid inhalant | 2079 (10) | 2021 (10) |
| Oral glucocorticoid | 1522 (7) | 1520 (7) |
| NSAID | 5415 (26) | 5265 (25) |
| Opioid | 4098 (20) | 4038 (19) |
| No of drugs used in past year* | ||
| 0-5 | 2842 (19) | 2929 (20) |
| 6-10 | 5939 (41) | 5937 (40) |
| 11-15 | 3669 (25) | 3596 (25) |
| ≥16 | 2211 (15) | 2199 (15) |
ACE-I=angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB=angiotensin receptor blocker; DDP4=dipeptidyl peptidase 4; NSAID=non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SGLT2=sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; GLP1=glucagon-like peptide 1.
*
Variable available in Denmark and Sweden but not Norway. Data reported for Denmark and Sweden only.
†
Year of cohort entry was not included in the propensity score.