Table 2.

Summary of US Dietary Food Guideline Recommendations by Major Societies

Comorbidity Addressed	Society Guideline	Diets Recommended	Dietary Interventions
Hyperlipidemia	2018 AHA/ACC Multi-Society Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol	Mediterranean diet, DASH diet	- Increase intake of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, fish, seafood, nuts, and nontropical vegetable oils - Limit intake of salt, sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, and red meats - Dietary patterns should be adjusted to appropriate calorie requirements and nutritional therapy for specific medical conditions (ie, diabetes, hypertension)
Hypertension	2017 ACC/AHA Multi-Society Guideline for High Blood Pressure in Adults	DASH diet	- Weight loss is recommended to reduce BP in adults with hypertension who are obese or overweight - Increase intake of dietary potassium, aim for 3.5-5 g/d - Sodium: optimal goal is <1.5 g/d, but aim for at least a 1-g/d reduction in most adults - Limit alcohol consumption (≤1 drink/d for women and ≤2 drinks/d for men)
Diabetes mellitus	2018 ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes: Lifestyle Management	Mediterranean style diet, DASH, and plant-based diet	- A medical nutrition treatment plan is recommended for diabetic patients, emphasizing portion control and healthy food choices - Weight loss >5% is recommended for obese or overweight adults with type 2 diabetes and prediabetes - Carbohydrate preferred sources are vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, and dairy products - Avoid sugar-sweetened beverages - Emphasize foods higher in fiber and lower glycemic load - Eat foods rich in long-chain n-3 FA, such as fatty fish, nuts, and seeds - Limit alcohol consumption (≤1 drink/d for women and ≤2 drinks/d for men) - Limit sodium intake to <2.3 g/d
Obesity	2016 AACE/ACE Obesity Guidelines	Mediterranean diet, DASH diet, low-carbohydrate diet, low-fat diet, volumetric diet, high-protein diet, and vegetarian diet	- Weight loss goal of 5%-15% for CV indications - Recommend calorie deficit of 500-750 daily - Reduced-calorie healthy meal plan that minimizes sugars and refined carbohydrates, avoids trans-fats, limits alcohol use, and emphasizes fiber
General diet	2015-2020 USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans	Moderate consumption of a wide variety of protein foods (seafood, lean meats, poultry, eggs, legumes, soy), fat-free or low-fat dairy, and olive/canola oils	- High consumption of vegetables (dark green, red and orange, legumes), fruits, grains (at least half of which are whole grains) - Moderate consumption of consider a wide variety of protein foods (seafood, lean meats, poultry, eggs, legumes, soy), fat-free or low-fat dairy, and olive/canola oils in moderate amounts - Limited consumption of saturated fats (<10% of daily calories), trans-fats, added sugars (<10% of daily calories), sodium (<2.3 g/d), and alcohol (≤1 drink/d for women and ≤2 drinks/d for men)
General Diet and CV Prevention	2016 ESC Guidelines on CV disease prevention	Mediterranean diet, DASH diet	- ≥200 g of vegetables per day (2-3 servings) - ≥200 g of fruit per day (2-3 servings) - 30-45 g/d of fiber, preferably whole grain - 30 g/d of unsalted nuts - Fish 1-2 times/wk - Saturated fats <10% of total energy intake and as little as possible trans unsaturated FA - Alcohol ≤20 g/d for men, ≤10 g/d for women - Avoid sugar-sweetened beverages - <5 g/d of salt

AACE, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; ACC, American College of Cardiology; ACE, American College of Endocrinology; ADA, American Diabetes Association; AHA, American Heart Association; BP, blood pressure; CV, cardiovascular; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; ESC, European Society of Cardiology; FA, fatty acid; USDA, United States Department of Agriculture.