. 2019 Aug 26;76(12):1428–1438. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2664

Table 3. Low Testosterone Levels or ED Indicators in Association With Established Low Testosterone Levels and ED Risk Factors for 3409 Participants.

Characteristic	Prevalence of History of Prescription Recommendation by Self-report, OR (95% CI)
Characteristic	Low Testosterone	ED
Model 1: Mutually Adjusted for Age and Race
Age, y
21-40	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
41-60	2.99 (2.27-3.94)^a	4.82 (3.49-6.66)^a
>60	3.41 (2.56-4.55)^a	12.22 (8.79-16.98)^a
Race/ethnicity
White	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Black	0.97 (0.80-1.17)	1.4 (1.17-1.69)^a
Other	1.61 (0.98-2.64)	0.87 (0.47-1.59)
Missing	0.64 (0.25-1.67)	0.63 (0.27-1.50)
Models 2-10: Age and Race Adjusted
Model 2: hypertension	1.81 (1.50-2.19)^a	2.26 (1.89-2.71)^a
Model 3: high cholesterol levels	1.96 (1.62-2.37)^a	1.69 (1.41-2.02)^a
Model 4: diabetes	2.04 (1.55-2.69)^a	2.66 (2.04-3.45)^a
Model 5: heart condition^b	1.73 (1.39-2.15)^a	1.64 (1.34-2.01)^a
Model 6: prescription pain medication	2.53 (2.10-3.05)^a	2.3 (1.93-2.75)^a
Model 7: prostate or testicular cancer	1.31 (0.87-1.97)	2.54 (1.75-3.69)^a
Model 8: sleep apnea	2.51 (2.07-3.05)^a	2.04 (1.69-2.46)^a
Model 9: current BMI^c
<25.0	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
25.0-30.0	1.93 (1.13-3.32)^d	1.35 (0.88-2.06)
>30.0	3.11 (1.82-5.30)^a	1.99 (1.31-3.02)^e
Model 10: mood disorders
None	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Anxiety indicators only	1.63 (1.14-2.33)^e	1.59 (1.12-2.26)^d
Depression indicators only	2.22 (1.48-3.34)^a	2.11 (1.41-3.15)^a
Depression and anxiety indicators	4 (3.19-5.02)^a	3.37 (2.67-4.24)^a
Model 11: alcohol drinks per wk
None	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
1-7	0.84 (0.68-1.05)	1.03 (0.84-1.27)
8-14	0.81 (0.61-1.06)	0.99 (0.76-1.28)
15+	0.94 (0.71-1.26)	1.27 (0.96-1.67)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ED, erectile dysfunction; OR, odds ratio.

^{^a}

P < .001.

^{^b}

Heart condition includes self-reported heart rhythm issues, myocardial infarction, heart failure, or cardiac surgery.

^{^c}

Calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared.

^{^d}

P < .05.

^{^e}

P < .01.