Table 3. Prevalence and Association of Childhood Parental Incarceration With Offspring Adult Psychiatric Diagnoses.
Diagnosis | No. (%)a | OR (95% CI)b | P Value | OR (95% CI)c | P Value | P Value for Sex Differenced | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Incarceration (nā=ā893) | Any Parental Figure Incarcerated (nā=ā441) | ||||||
Any anxiety diagnosis | 138 (13.8) | 79 (27.6) | 2.4 (1.4-4.0) | .001 | 1.7 (1.0-3.0) | .04 | .52 |
Any depressive diagnosis | 108 (9.3) | 49 (13.3) | 1.4 (0.7-2.6) | .31 | 0.9 (0.5-1.6) | .63 | .80 |
Substance use disorder diagnosis | 142 (18.5) | 106 (29.5) | 2.0 (1.2-3.3) | .009 | 2.5 (1.4-4.3) | .002 | .53 |
Alcohol use disorder diagnosis | 72 (11.7) | 47 (13.9) | 1.3 (0.7-2.6) | .42 | 2.2 (1.0-4.8) | .05 | .74 |
Cannabis use disorder diagnosis | 55 (5.7) | 49 (14.4) | 2.1 (0.8-5.0) | .12 | 3.5 (1.7-7.3) | <.001 | .12 |
Illicit drug use disorder diagnosis | 33 (2.7) | 46 (11.4) | 5.3 (2.3-12.2) | <.001 | 6.6 (2.6-17.0) | <.001 | .04 |
Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.
Numbers are unweighted, and percentages are weighted.
Adjusted for sex and race/ethnicity.
Adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, childhood psychiatric disorders, and childhood adversities. Child psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and substance use disorders. Childhood adversities include low family socioeconomic status, familial instability, family dysfunction, maltreatment, and bullying.
Sex differences were assessed with an interaction term between sex and parental incarceration status.