. 2019 Aug 23;2(8):e1910005. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.10005

Table 3. Prevalence and Association of Childhood Parental Incarceration With Offspring Adult Psychiatric Diagnoses.

Diagnosis	No. (%)^a		OR (95% CI)^b	P Value	OR (95% CI)^c	P Value	P Value for Sex Difference^d
Diagnosis	No Incarceration (n = 893)	Any Parental Figure Incarcerated (n = 441)	OR (95% CI)^b	P Value	OR (95% CI)^c	P Value	P Value for Sex Difference^d
Any anxiety diagnosis	138 (13.8)	79 (27.6)	2.4 (1.4-4.0)	.001	1.7 (1.0-3.0)	.04	.52
Any depressive diagnosis	108 (9.3)	49 (13.3)	1.4 (0.7-2.6)	.31	0.9 (0.5-1.6)	.63	.80
Substance use disorder diagnosis	142 (18.5)	106 (29.5)	2.0 (1.2-3.3)	.009	2.5 (1.4-4.3)	.002	.53
Alcohol use disorder diagnosis	72 (11.7)	47 (13.9)	1.3 (0.7-2.6)	.42	2.2 (1.0-4.8)	.05	.74
Cannabis use disorder diagnosis	55 (5.7)	49 (14.4)	2.1 (0.8-5.0)	.12	3.5 (1.7-7.3)	<.001	.12
Illicit drug use disorder diagnosis	33 (2.7)	46 (11.4)	5.3 (2.3-12.2)	<.001	6.6 (2.6-17.0)	<.001	.04

Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.

^{^a}

Numbers are unweighted, and percentages are weighted.

^{^b}

Adjusted for sex and race/ethnicity.

^{^c}

Adjusted for sex, race/ethnicity, childhood psychiatric disorders, and childhood adversities. Child psychiatric disorders include anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and substance use disorders. Childhood adversities include low family socioeconomic status, familial instability, family dysfunction, maltreatment, and bullying.

^{^d}

Sex differences were assessed with an interaction term between sex and parental incarceration status.